Resocal is for oral or rectal administration only.

The dosage recommendations detailed below are a guide only; the precise requirements should be decided on the basis of regular serum electrolyte determinations.

Adults, including the elderly:

Oral

The usual dose is 15g three or four times a day. Each dose should be given as a suspension in a small amount of water or, for greater palatability, in syrup (but not fruit juices which contain potassium), in the ratio of 3 to 4ml per gram of resin.

Rectal

This route should be reserved for the patient who is vomiting or who has upper gastrointestinal tract problems, including paralytic ileus or it may be used simultaneously with the oral route for more rapid initial results. The resin may be given rectally as a suspension of 30g resin in 150ml of water or 10% dextrose, as a daily retention enema. In the initial stages administration by this route as well as orally may help to achieve a rapid lowering of the serum potassium level.

The enema should if possible be retained for least nine hours, and then the colon should be irrigated to remove the resin. If both routes are used initially it is probably unnecessary to continue rectal administration once the oral resin has reached the rectum.

Children:

Oral

In smaller children and infants correspondingly smaller doses should be employed by using as a guide a rate of 1mEq of potassium per gram of resin as the basis for calculation. An appropriate initial dose is 1g/kg body weight daily in divided doses, in acute hyperkalaemia. Dosage may be reduced to 0.5g/kg body weight daily in divided doses for maintenance therapy.

The resin is given orally, preferably with a drink (not a fruit squash because of the high potassium content) or a little jam or honey.

Rectal

When refused by mouth it should be given rectally using a dose at least as great as that which would have been given orally, diluted in the same ratio as described for adults. Following retention of the enema, the colon should be irrigated to ensure adequate removal of the resin.

Neonates:

Resocal should not be given by the oral route. With rectal administration, the minimum effective dosage within the range 0.5g/kg to 1g/kg should be employed diluted as for adults with adequate irrigation to ensure recovery of the resin.

Sorbitol: Gastrointestinal stenosis, intestinal ischemia and its complications (necrosis and perforation) may occur in patients treated with polystyrene sulfonate, especially in patients using sorbitol. Therefore concomitant use of Sorbitol with calcium polystyrene sulfonate is not recommended (see Section 4.5 Interactions and Section 4.8 Undesirable effects).

Hypokalaemia: The possibility of severe potassium depletion should be considered and adequate clinical and biochemical control is essential during treatment, especially in patients on digitalis. Administration of the resin should be stopped when the serum potassium falls to 5mmol/litre.

Other electrolyte disturbances: Like all cation-exchange resins, calcium polystyrene sulfonate is not totally selective for potassium. Hypomagnesaemia and/or hypercalcaemia may occur. Accordingly, patients should be monitored for all applicable electrolyte disturbances. Serum calcium levels should be estimated at weekly intervals to detect the early development of hypercalcaemia, and the dose of resin adjusted to levels at which hypercalcaemia and hypokalaemia are prevented.

Other risks: In the event of clinically significant constipation, treatment should be discontinued until normal bowel movement has resumed. Magnesium-containing laxatives should not be used (see section 4.5 Interactions).

The patient should be positioned carefully when ingesting the resin, to avoid aspiration, which may lead to broncho-pulmonary complications.

Children and neonates: In neonates, calcium polystyrene sulfonate should not be given by the oral route. In children and neonates, particular care is needed with rectal administration as excessive dosage or inadequate dilution could result in impaction of the resin. Due to the risk of digestive haemorrhage or colonic necrosis, particular care should be observed in premature infants or low birth weight infants.

Concomitant use not recommended

Sorbitol (oral or rectal): Concomitant use of Sorbitol with calcium polystyrene sulfonate is not recommended due to cases of intestinal necrosis and other serious gastrointestinal adverse reactions, which may be fatal (see Section 4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use and Section 4.8 Undesirable effects).

To be used with caution

Cation-donating agents: may reduce the potassium binding effectiveness of Resocal.

Non-absorbable cation-donating antacids and laxatives: There have been reports of systemic alkalosis following concurrent administration of cation-exchange resins and non-absorbable cation-donating antacids and laxatives such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminium carbonate.

Aluminium hydroxide: Intestinal obstruction due to concretions of aluminium hydroxide has been reported when aluminium hydroxide has been combined with the resin (sodium form).

Digitalis-like drugs: The toxic effects of digitalis on the heart, especially various ventricular arrhythmias and A-V nodal dissociation, are likely to be exaggerated if hypokalaemia and/or hypercalcaemia are allowed to develop (see section 4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use).

Lithium: Possible decrease of lithium absorption.

Levothyroxine: Possible decrease of levothyroxine absorption.

Pregnancy Category (C)

No data are available regarding the use of polystyrene sulfonate resins in pregnancy and lactation. The administration of Resocal in pregnancy and during breast feeding therefore is not advised unless, in the opinion of the physician, the potential benefits outweigh any potential risks.

• Metabolism and nutrition disorders

In accordance with its pharmacological actions, the resin may give rise to hypokalaemia and hypercalcaemia, and their related clinical manifestations (see Section 4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use and Section 4.9 Overdose).

Cases of hypomagnesaemia have been reported.

Hypercalcaemia has been reported in well dialysed patients receiving calcium resin, and occasionally in patients with chronic renal failure. Many patients in chronic renal failure have low serum calcium and high serum phosphate, but some, who cannot be screened out beforehand, show a sudden rise in serum calcium to high levels after therapy with calcium resin. The risk emphasises the need for adequate biochemical control.

• Gastrointestinal disorders

Gastric irritation, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, constipation and occasionally diarrhoea may occur. Faecal impaction following rectal administration particularly in children and gastrointestinal concretions (bezoars) following oral administration have been reported. Gastrointestinal stenosis and intestinal obstruction have also been reported, possibly, due to co-existing pathology or inadequate dilution of the resin.

Gastrointestinal ischemia, ischemic colitis, gastro-intestinal tract ulceration or necrosis, which could lead to intestinal perforation have been reported which is sometimes fatal.

The majority of cases have been reported with concomitant use of Sorbitol (see Section 4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use and Section 4.5 Interactions).

• Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders

Some cases of acute bronchitis and/or broncho-pneumonia associated with inhalation of particles of calcium polystyrene sulfonate have been described.

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

·         To report any side effect(s):

·         National Pharmacovigilance and Drug Safety Center (NPC)

·         Fax: +966-11-205-7662

·         Calling Vigilance and Crisis Management Executive Directorate.

·         Tel.: +966-11-20382222

·         Ext.: 2356-2317-2354-2334-2340 -2353

·         Toll-free: 8002490000 

·         E-mail: npc.drug@sfda.gov.sa

·         Web: www.sfda.gov.sa/npc

Biochemical disturbances from overdosage may give rise to clinical signs or symptoms of hypokalaemia, including irritability, confusion, delayed thought processes, muscle weakness, hyporeflexia and eventual paralysis. Apnoea may be a serious consequence of this progression. Electrocardiographic changes may be consistent with hypokalaemia or hypercalcaemia; cardiac arrhythmia may occur. Appropriate measures should be taken to correct serum electrolytes and the resin should be removed from the alimentary tract by appropriate use of laxatives or enemas.

There are no preclinical data of relevance to the prescriber, which are additional to those already included in other sections of the SmPC.

Not applicable

Store in a dry place.

Store below 30 ºC.

To be used within one month after first opening.

Jar:

Box contains one plastic jar of 500 ml capacity contains 300 gm powder together with plastic spoon of approximately 15 gm capacity, one leaflet and one adhesive label.

Sachets:

Box contains 20 sachets each of 15.0 gm and one leaflet.

No special requirements.