Short-term treatment of all grades of pain and inflamation in the following acute conditions:
• Post-traumatic pain, inflammation and swelling, e.g. due to sprains.
• acute musculo-skeletal disorders such as periarthritis (for example frozen shoulder), tendonitis, tenosynovitis, bursitis
• Post-operative pain, inflammation and swelling, e.g. following dental or orthopaedic surgery.
• Painful and/or inflammatory conditions in gynaecology, e.g. primary dysmenorrhoea or adnexitis and associated menorrhagia.
• Migraine attacks.
• Acute gout
• Painful syndromes of the vertebral column.
• Non-articular rheumatism.
• As an adjuvant in severe painful inflammatory infections of the ear, nose or throat, e.g. pharyngotonsillitis, otitis. In keeping with general therapeutic principles, the underlying disease should be treated with basic therapy, as appropriate. Fever alone is not an indication.

Undesirable effects may be minimised by using the lowest effective dose for the shortest duration necessary to control symptoms (see section 4.4).
The tablets should be swallowed whole with liquid, preferably before meals, and must not be divided or chewed.

Adults

The recommended initial daily dose is 100 to 150 mg. In milder cases, 75 to 100 mg daily is usually sufficient.

The total daily dose should generally be divided in 2 to 3 doses.

In primary dysmenorrhoea, the daily dose should be individually adjusted and is generally 50 to 150 mg. A dose of 50 to 100 mg should be given initially and, if necessary, increased over the course of several menstrual cycles up to a maximum of 200 mg/day. Treatment should be started on appearance of the first symptoms and, depending on the symptomatology, continued for a few days.

In migraine, an initial dose of 50 mg should be taken at the first signs of an impending attack. In cases where pain relief within 2 hours after the first dose is not sufficient, a further dose of 50 mg may be taken. If needed, further doses of 50 mg may be taken at intervals of 4 to 6 hours, not exceeding a total dose of 200 mg per day.

Children and adolescents:

Diclopid tablets tablets are not recommended for use in children and adolescents below 14 years of age; other forms of diclofenac such as oral drops or suppositories could be used in these patients. For adolescents aged 14 years and over, a daily dose of 75 to 100 mg is usually sufficient. The total daily dose should generally be divided in 2 to 3 doses.

The maximum daily dose of 150 mg should not be exceeded

The use of Diclopid tablets (all forms) in migraine attacks has not been established in children and adolescents.

Elderly: Although the pharmacokinetics of Diclopid tablets are not impaired to any clinically
relevant extent in elderly patients, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs should be used with particular caution in older patients who generally are more prone to adverse reactions. In particular, it is recommended that the lowest effective dosage be used in frail elderly patients or those with a low body weight (see also precautions).

Treatment should be reviewed at regular intervals and discontinued if no benefit is seen or if intolerance occurs

Route of Administration: Oral

Warnings

Gastrointestinal bleeding or ulceration or perforation, which can be fatal, have been reported with all NSAIDs, including diclofenac, and may occur at any time during treatment, with or without warning symptoms or a previous history of serious gastrointestinal events. The elderly have an increased frequency of adverse reactions to NSAIDs especially gastrointestinal bleeding and perforation which may be fatal (see section 4.2 Posology and method of administration) When gastrointestinal bleeding or ulceration occur in patients receiving Diclopid tablets, the medicinal product should be withdrawn

Serious skin reactions, some of them fatal, including exfoliative dermatitis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis, have been reported very rarely in association with the use of NSAIDs, including Diclopid tablets (see section 4.8 Undesirable effects). Patients appear to be at highest risk of these reactions early in the course of therapy, the onset of the reaction occurring in the majority of cases within the first month of treatment. Diclopid tablets should be discontinued at the first appearance of skin rash, mucosal lesions or any other sign of hypersensitivity .

As with other NSAIDs, allergic reactions, including anaphylactic/anaphylactoid reactions, can also occur in rare cases with diclofenac without earlier exposure to the drug.

Like other NSAIDs, Diclopid tablets may mask the signs and symptoms of infection due to its pharmacodynamic properties.

The use of diclofenac potassium may impair female fertility and is not recommended in women attempting to conceive. In women who have difficulties conceiving or who are undergoing investigation of infertility, withdrawal of diclofenac potassium should be considered.

Precautions

General

Undesirable effects may be minimised by using the lowest effective dose for the shortest possible duration necessary to control symptoms (see section 4.2 Posology & method of administration and gastrointestinal and cardiovascular risks below.

The use of Diclopid tablets with concomitant NSAIDs including cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitors, should be avoided due to the absence of any evidence demonstrating synergistic benefits and the potential for additive undesirable effects .

Caution is indicated in the elderly on basic medical grounds. In particular it is recommended that the lowest effective dosage be used in frail elderly patients or those with a low body weight.

Diclopid tablets tablets contain sucrose and therefore are not recommended for patients with rare hereditary problems of fructose intolerance, glucose-galactose malabsorption or sucrase-isomaltase insufficiency.

Pre-existing asthma In patients with asthma, seasonal allergic rhinitis, swelling of the nasal mucosa (i.e. nasal polyps), chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases or chronic infections of the respiratory tract

(especially if linked to allergic rhinitis-like symptoms), reactions on NSAIDs like asthma exacerbations (so-called intolerance to analgesics/analgesics-asthma), Quincke's oedema or urticaria are more frequent than in other patients. Therefore, special precaution is recommended in such patients (readiness for emergency). This is applicable as well for patients who are allergic to other substances, e.g. with skin reactions, pruritus or urticaria .

Gastrointestinal effects

As with all NSAIDs, including diclofenac, close medical surveillance is imperative and particular caution should be exercised when prescribing Diclopid tablets in patients with symptoms indicative of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders or with a history suggestive of gastric or intestinal ulceration, bleeding or perforation (see section 4.8 Undesirable effects). The risk of GI bleeding, ulceration or perforation is higher with increasing NSAID doses, in patients with a history of ulcer, particularly if complicated with haemorrhage or perforation (see 4.3 Contra-indications) and in the elderly. These patients should commence treatment on the lowest dose available.

Combination therapy with protective agents (e.g. proton pump inhibitors or misoprostol) should be considered for these patients, and also for patients requiring concomitant use of medicinal products containing low-dose acetylsalicylic acid (ASA)/aspirin or other medicinal products likely to increase gastrointestinal risk (see below and section 4.5 Interactions with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction) .

Patients with a history of GI toxicity, particularly the elderly, should report any unusual abdominal symptoms (especially GI bleeding) particularly in the early stages of treatment. Caution is recommended in patients receiving concomitant medications which could increase the risk of ulceration or bleeding, such as oral corticosteroids, anticoagulants such as warfarin, anti-platelet agents such as aspirin or selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (see section 4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction).

NSAIDs should be given with care to patients with a history of gastrointestinal disease (ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease), as their condition may be exacerbated (see section 4.8 Undesirable effects).

Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular effects Appropriate monitoring and advice are required for patients with a history of hypertension and/or mild to moderate congestive heart failure as fluid retention and oedema have been reported in association with NSAID therapy.

Clinical trial and epidemiological data suggest that the use of diclofenac, particularly at high doses (150 mg daily) and in long term treatment may be associated with a small increased risk of arterial thrombotic events (for example myocardial infarction or stroke).

Patients with uncontrolled hypertension, congestive heart failure, established ischaemic heart disease, peripheral arterial disease, and/or cerebrovascular disease should only be treated with diclofenac after careful consideration. Similar consideration should be made before initiating longer-term treatment of patients with risk factors for cardiovascular events (e.g. hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, diabetes mellitus, smoking).

Hepatic effects
Close medical surveillance is required when prescribing Diclopid tablets to patients with impaired hepatic function, as their condition may be exacerbated.

As with other NSAIDs, including diclofenac, values of one or more liver enzymes may increase. During prolonged treatment with Diclopid tablets, regular monitoring of hepatic function is indicated as a precautionary measure. If abnormal liver function tests persist or worsen, if clinical signs or symptoms consistent with liver disease develop, or if other manifestations occur (e.g. eosinophilia, rash etc), Diclopid tablets should be discontinued. Hepatitis may occur with use of diclofenac without prodromal symptoms.

Caution is called for when using Diclopid tablets in patients with hepatic porphyria, since it may trigger an attack .

Renal effects
As fluid retention and oedema have been reported in association with NSAID therapy, including diclofenac, particular caution is called for in patients with impaired cardiac or renal function , history of hypertension .the elderly, patients receiving concomitant treatment with diuretics or medicinal products that can significantly impact renal function, and in those patients with substantial extracellular volume depletion from any cause, e.g. before or after major surgery.

Monitoring of renal function is recommended as a precautionary measure when using Diclopid tablets in such cases. Discontinuation of therapy is usually followed by recovery to the pre-treatment state.

Haematological effects

Use of Diclopid tablets is recommended only for short-term treatment. If, however, Diclopid tablets is used for a prolonged period, monitoring of the blood count is recommended, as with other NSAIDs.

Like other NSAIDs, Diclopid tablets may temporarily inhibit platelet aggregation. Patients with defects of haemostasis should be carefully monitored.

The following interactions include those observed with Diclopid tablets sugar-coated tablets and/or other pharmaceutical forms of diclofenac.

Lithium: If used concomitantly, diclofenac may raise plasma concentrations of lithium Monitoring of the serum lithium level is recommended

Digoxin: If used concomitantly, diclofenac may raise plasma concentrations of digoxin .Monitoring of the serum digoxin level is recommended

Diuretics and antihypertensive agents: Like other NSAIDs, concomitant use of diclofenac with diuretics or antihypertensive agents (e.g. beta-blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors) may cause a decrease in their antihypertensive effect via inhibition of vasodilatory prostaglandin synthesis. Therefore, the combination should be administered with caution and patients, especially the elderly, should have their blood pressure periodically monitored. Patients should be adequately hydrated and consideration should be given to monitoring of renal function after initiation of concomitant therapy and periodically thereafter, particularly for diuretics and ACE inhibitors due to the increased risk of nephrotoxicity. Concomitant treatment with potassium-sparing drugs may be associated with increased serum potassium levels, which should therefore be monitored frequently (see section 4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use).

Other NSAIDs and corticosteroids: Concomitant administration of diclofenac and other systemic NSAIDs or corticosteroids may increase the risk of gastrointestinal ulceration or bleeding

Anticoagulants and anti-platelet agents: Caution is recommended since concomitant administration could increase the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding (see section 4.4 Special warnings and special precautions for use). Although clinical investigations do not appear to indicate that diclofenac affects the action of anticoagulants , NSAIDs may enhance the effects of anti-coagulants, such as warfarin (see section 4.4.).

There are also isolated reports of an increased risk of haemorrhage in patients receiving diclofenac and anticoagulants concomitantly. Close monitoring of such patients is therefore recommended.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs): Concomitant administration of systemic NSAIDs, including diclofenac, and SSRIs may increase the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding (see section 4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use)

Antidiabetics: Clinical studies have shown that diclofenac can be given together with oral antidiabetic agents without influencing their clinical effect. However, there have been isolated reports of both hypoglycaemic and hyperglycaemic effects necessitating changes in the dosage of the antidiabetic agents during treatment with diclofenac. For this reason, monitoring of the blood glucose level is recommended as a precautionary measure during concomitant therapy.

Methotrexate: Caution is recommended when NSAIDs, including diclofenac, are administered less than 24 hours before or after treatment with methotrexate, since blood concentrations of methotrexate may rise and the toxicity of this substance be increased

Ciclosporin: Diclofenac, like other NSAIDs, may increase the nephrotoxicity of ciclosporin due to the effect on renal prostaglandins. Therefore, it should be given at doses lower than those that would be used in patients not receiving ciclosporin.

Quinolone antibacterials: There have been isolated reports of convulsions which may have been due to concomitant use of quinolones and NSAIDs

Tacrolimus: Possible increased risk of nephrotoxicity when NSAIDs are given with tacrolimus. This might be mediated through renal antiprostagladin effects of both NSAID and calcineurin inhibitor.

Corticosteroids: Co-administration with other corticosteroids may increase the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding or ulceration.

Cardiac glycosides: Concomitant use of cardiac glycosides and NSAIDs in patients may exacerbate cardiac failure, reduce GFR and increase plasma glycoside levels.

Pregnancy

The use of diclofenac in pregnant women has not been studied. Therefore, Diclopid tablets should not be used during the first two trimesters of pregnancy unless the potential benefit to the mother outweighs the risk to the foetus. As with other NSAIDs, use of diclofenac during the third trimester of pregnancy is contraindicated owing to the possibility of uterine inertia and/or premature closure of the ductus arteriosus (see section 4.3 Contraindications). Animal studies have not shown any directly or indirectly harmful effects on pregnancy, embryonal/foetal development, parturition or postnatal development (see section 5.3 Preclinical safety data).

Lactation

Like other NSAIDs, diclofenac passes into the breast milk in small amounts. Therefore, Diclopid tablets should not be administered during breast feeding in order to avoid undesirable effects in the infant.

Fertility

As with other NSAIDs, the use of Diclopid tablets may impair female fertility and is not recommended in women attempting to conceive. In women who have difficulties conceiving or who are undergoing investigation of infertility, withdrawal of Diclopid tablets should be considered .

Patients who experience dizziness, vertigo, somnolence or other central nervous system disturbances, including visual disturbances, while taking NSAIDs should refrain from driving or using machinery.

Adverse reactions (Table 1) are ranked under heading of frequency, the most frequent first, using the following convention: common (≥ 1/100, < 1/10); uncommon (≥ 1/1,000, < 1/100); rare (≥ 1/10,000, < 1/1,000); very rare (<1/10,000).

The most commonly observed adverse events are gastrointestinal in nature. Peptic ulcers, perforation or GI bleeding, sometimes fatal, particularly in the elderly, may occur (see section 4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use). Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, flatulence, constipation, dyspepsia, abdominal pain, melaena, haematemesis, ulcerative stomatitis, exacerbation of coilitis and Crohn's disease (see section 4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use) have been reported following administration. Less frequently, gastritis has been observed.

The following table of undesirable effects include those reported with Diclopid tablets sugar-coated tablets and/or other pharmaceutical forms of diclofenac, with either short-term or long-term use.

Oedema, hypertension and cardiac failure have been reported in association with NSAID treatment.

Clinical trial and epidemiological data suggest that the use of diclofenac, particularly at high doses (150 mg daily) and in long term treatment may be associated with a small increased risk of arterial thrombotic events (for example myocardial infarction or stroke) (see section 4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use).

..

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic products, non-steroids, acetic acid derivatives and related substances (ATC code: M01A B05).

Mechanism of action

Diclopid tablets contains the potassium salt of diclofenac, a non-steroidal compound with pronounced analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties. Inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis, which has been demonstrated in experiments, is considered to be fundamental to its mechanism of action. Prostaglandins play a major role in causing inflammation, pain and fever.

Diclopid tablets tablets have a rapid onset of action which makes them particularly suitable for the treatment of acute painful and inflammatory conditions .

Diclofenac potassium in vitro does not suppress proteoglycan biosynthesis in cartilage at concentrations equivalent to those reached in humans.

Pharmacodynamic effects
Diclopid tablets has been found to exert a pronounced analgesic effect in moderate and severe pain. In the presence of inflammation, e.g. due to trauma or following surgical interventions, it rapidly relieves both spontaneous pain and pain on movement and diminishes inflammatory swelling and wound oedema

Clinical studies have also revealed that in primary dysmenorrhoea the active substance is capable of relieving the pain and reducing the extent of bleeding

In migraine attacks Diclopid tablets has been shown to be effective in relieving the headache and in improving the accompanying symptoms of nausea and vomiting

Absorption:

Diclofenac is rapidly and completely absorbed from diclofenac potassium tablets. The absorption sets in immediately after administration and the same amount is absorbed as from an equivalent dose of diclofenac sodium gastro-resistant tablets. Mean peak plasma concentrations of 3.8 μmol/L are attained after 20 - 60 minutes after ingestion of one tablet of 50mg. Ingestion together with food has no influence on the amount of diclofenac absorbed although onset and rate of absorption may be slightly delayed

The amount absorbed is in linear proportion to the size of the dose.

Pharmacokinetic behaviour does not change after repeated administration. No accumulation occurs provided the recommended dosage intervals are observed.

Distribution:

The active substance is 99.7% protein bound, mainly to albumin (99.4%).

Diclofenac enters the synovial fluid, where maximum concentrations are measured 2-4 hours after peak plasma values have been attained. The apparent half-life for elimination from the synovial fluid is 3-6 hours. Two hours after reaching the peak plasma values, concentrations of the active substance are already higher in the synovial fluid than they are in the plasma, and remain higher for up to 12 hours.

Metabolism:

Biotransformation of diclofenac takes place partly by glucuronidation of the intact molecule, but mainly by single and multiple hydroxylation and methoxylation, resulting in several phenolic metabolites, most of which are converted to glucuronide conjugates. Two phenolic metabolites are biologically active, but to a much lesser extent than diclofenac.

Elimination:
Total systemic clearance of diclofenac in plasma is 263±56mL/min (mean value ± SD). The terminal half-life in plasma is 1-2 hours. Four of the metabolites, including the two active ones, also have short plasma half-lives of 1-3 hours.

About 60% of the administered dose is excreted in the urine as the glucuronide conjugate of the intact molecule and as metabolites, most of which are also converted to glucuronide conjugates. Less than 1% is excreted as unchanged substance. The rest of the dose is eliminated as metabolites through the bile in the faeces.

Patients with renal impairment: In patients suffering from renal impairment, no accumulation of the unchanged active substance can be inferred from the single-dose kinetics when applying the usual dosage schedule. At a creatinine clearance of <10mL/min, the calculated steady-state plasma levels of the hydroxy metabolites are about 4 times higher than in normal subjects. However, the metabolites are ultimately cleared through the bile.

Patients with hepatic disease: In patients with chronic hepatitis or non-decompensated cirrhosis, the kinetics and metabolism of diclofenac are the same as in patients without liver disease.

Preclinical data from acute and repeated dose toxicity studies, as well as from genotoxicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity studies with diclofenac revealed no specific hazard for humans at the intended therapeutic doses. There was no evidence that diclofenac had a teratogenic potential in mice, rats or rabbits.

Diclofenac had no influence on the fertility of parent animals in rats. The prenatal, perinatal and postnatal development of the offspring was not affected .

Dibasic calcium phosphate
Microcrystalline cellulose 101
Maize starch
Sodium starch glycollate
Magnesium stearate
Microcrystalline cellulose 102
Talc
Cross Povidone
Aerosil 200
Purified water*
Hypromellose 5 cps
PEG 400
Lactose monohydrate
Red oxide of iron
Titanium dioxide

Not applicable

Store below 25°C. Protect from light and moisture.

Diclopid is packed as 10 Tablets/blister of PVC/PE/PVDC film with Aluminum foil as lidding material.

.