Non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus.

Oral administration.

Adults: The total daily dose may vary from 40 to 320 mg taken orally. The dose should be adjusted according to the individual patient's response, commencing with 40-80 mg daily (1/2 - 1 tablet) and increasing until adequate control is achieved. A single dose should not exceed 160 mg (2 tablets). When higher doses are required, GLAZE Tablets should be taken twice daily and according to the main meals of the day.

In obese patients or those not showing adequate response to GLAZE Tablets alone, additional therapy may be required.

Elderly: Plasma clearance of gliclazide is not altered in the elderly and steady state plasma levels can therefore be expected to be similar to those in adults less than 65 years. Clinical experience in the elderly to date shows that GLAZE Tablets is effective and well tolerated. Care should be exercised, however, when prescribing sulphonylureas in the elderly due to a possible age-related increased risk of hypoglycaemia.

Children: GLAZE Tablets as with other sulphonylureas, is not indicated for the treatment of juvenile onset diabetes mellitus.

• Known hypersensitivity to gliclazide or to any of the excipients, other sulphonylureas, sulphonamides, • Type 1 diabetes, • Diabetic pre-coma and coma, diabetic keto-acidosis, • Severe renal or hepatic insufficiency: in these cases the use of insulin is recommended, • Treatment with miconazole (see Section "Interactions with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction"), • Lactation (see Section "Pregnancy and Lactation").

HYPOGLYCAEMIA:

This treatment should be prescribed only if the patient is likely to have a regular food intake (including breakfast). It is important to have a regular carbohydrate intake due to the increased risk of hypoglycaemia if a meal is taken late, if an inadequate amount of food is consumed or if the food is low in carbohydrate. Hypoglycaemia is more likely to occur during low-calorie diets, following prolonged or strenuous exercise, alcohol intake or if a combination of hypoglycaemic agents is being used.

Hypoglycaemia may occur following administration of sulphonylureas (see 4.8. Undesirable effects). Some cases may be severe and prolonged. Hospitalisation may be necessary and glucose administration may need to be continued for several days.

Careful selection of patients, of the dose used, and clear patient directions are necessary to reduce the risk of hypoglycaemic episodes.

Factors which increase the risk of hypoglycaemia:

• Patient refuses or (particularly in elderly subjects) is unable to co-operate.

• Malnutrition, irregular mealtimes, skipping meals, periods of fasting or dietary changes.

• Imbalance between physical exercise and carbohydrate intake.

• Renal insufficiency.

• Severe hepatic insufficiency.

• Overdose of Glaze 80 mg Tablets.

• Certain endocrine disorders: thyroid disorders, hypopituitarism and adrenal insufficiency.

• Concomitant administration of certain other medicines (see Interactions).

Renal and hepatic insufficiency: the pharmacokinetics and/or pharmacodynamics of gliclazide may be altered in patients with hepatic insufficiency or severe renal failure. A hypoglycaemic episode occurring in these patients may be prolonged, so appropriate management should be initiated.

Patient information:

The risks of hypoglycaemia, together with its symptoms, treatment, and conditions that predispose to its development, should be explained to the patient and to family members.

The patient should be informed of the importance of following dietary advice, of taking regular exercise, and of regular monitoring of blood glucose levels.

Poor blood glucose control: blood glucose control in a patient receiving antidiabetic treatment may be affected by any of the following: fever, trauma, infection or surgical intervention. In some cases, it may be necessary to administer insulin.

The hypoglycaemic efficacy of any oral antidiabetic agent, including gliclazide, is attenuated over time in many patients: this may be due to progression in the severity of the diabetes, or to a reduced response to treatment. This phenomenon is known as secondary failure which is distinct from primary failure, when an active substance is ineffective as first-line treatment. Adequate dose adjustment and dietary compliance should be considered before classifying the patient as secondary failure.

Laboratory tests: Measurement of glycated haemoglobin levels (or fasting venous plasma glucose) is recommended in assessing blood glucose control. Blood glucose self-monitoring may also be useful.

Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose  malabsorption should not take this medicine.

Treatment of patients with G6PD-deficiency with sulphonylurea agents can lead to haemolytic anaemia. Since gliclazide belongs to the class of sulphonylurea agents, caution should be used in patients with G6PD-deficiency and a non- sulphonylurea alternative should be considered.

1) The following products are likely to increase the risk of hypoglycaemia

Contra-indicated combination

• Miconazole (systemic route, oromucosal gel): increases the hypoglycaemic effect with possible onset of hypoglycaemic symptoms, or even coma.

Combinations which are not recommended

• Phenylbutazone (systemic route): increases the hypoglycaemic effect of sulphonylureas (displaces their binding to plasma proteins and/or reduces their elimination).

It is preferable to use a different anti-inflammatory agent, or else to warn the patient and emphasise the importance of selfmonitoring.

Where necessary, adjust the dose during and after treatment with the anti-inflammatory agent.

• Alcohol: increases the hypoglycaemic reaction (by inhibiting compensatory reactions) that can lead to the onset of

hypoglycaemic coma.

Avoid alcohol or medicines containing alcohol.

Combinations requiring precautions for use

Potentiation of the blood glucose lowering effect and thus, in some instances, hypoglycaemia may occur when one of the following drugs is taken, for example:

Other antidiabetic agents (insulins, acarbose, biguanides), beta-blockers, fluconazole, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (captopril, enalapril), H2-receptor antagonists, MAOIs, sulphonamides, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents.

2) The following products may cause an increase in blood glucose levels

Combination which is not recommended

• Danazol: diabetogenic effect of danazol.

If the use of this active substance cannot be avoided, warn the patient and emphasise the importance of urine and blood glucose monitoring. It may be necessary to adjust the dose of the antidiabetic agent during and after treatment with danazol.

Combinations requiring precautions during use

• Chlorpromazine (neuroleptic agent): high doses (>100 mg per day of chlorpromazine) increase blood glucose levels (reduced insulin release).

Warn the patient and emphasise the importance of blood glucose monitoring. It may be necessary to adjust the dose of the antidiabetic active substance during and after treatment with the neuroleptic agent.

• Glucocorticoids (systemic and local route: intra-articular, cutaneous and rectal preparations) and tetracosactrin: increase in blood glucose levels with possible ketosis (reduced tolerance to carbohydrates due to glucocorticoids).

Warn the patient and emphasise the importance of blood glucose monitoring, particularly at the start of treatment. It may be necessary to adjust the dose of the antidiabetic active substance during and after treatment with glucocorticoids.

• Ritodrine, salbutamol, terbutaline: (I.V.)

Increased blood glucose levels due to beta-2 agonist effects.

Emphasise the importance of monitoring blood glucose levels. If necessary, switch to insulin.

3) Combination which must be taken into account

• Anticoagulant therapy (Warfarin ...).

Sulphonylureas may lead to potentiation of anticoagulation during concurrent treatment.

Adjustment of the anticoagulant may be necessary.

Pregnancy:

For gliclazide, no clinical data on exposed pregnancies are available, even though there are few data with other sulphonylureas.

Studies in animals have shown reproductive toxicity (see section 5.3).

Control of diabetes should be obtained before the time of conception to reduce the risk of congenital abnormalities linked to uncontrolled diabetes.

Oral hypoglycaemic agents are not suitable; insulin is the drug of first choice for treatment of diabetes during pregnancy. It is recommended that oral hypoglycaemic therapy is changed to insulin before a pregnancy is attempted, or as soon as pregnancy is discovered.

Lactation:

It is not known whether gliclazide or its metabolites are excreted in breast milk. Given the risk of neonatal hypoglycaemia, the product is contra-indicated in breast-feeding mothers.

Patients should be informed that their concentration may be affected if their diabetes is not satisfactorily controlled, especially at the beginning of treatment (see special warnings and precautions).

Based on the experience with gliclazide and with other sulphonylureas, the following undesirable effects have to be mentioned.

Hypoglycaemia

As for other sulphonylureas, treatment with Glaze 80 mg Tablets can cause hypoglycaemia, if mealtimes are irregular and, in particular, if meals are skipped. Possible symptoms of hypoglycaemia are: headache, intense hunger, nausea, vomiting, lassitude, sleep disorders, agitation, aggression, poor concentration, reduced awareness and slowed reactions, depression, confusion, visual and speech disorders, aphasia, tremor, paresis, sensory disorders, dizziness, feeling of powerlessness, loss of self-control, delirium, convulsions, shallow respiration, bradycardia, drowsiness and loss of consciousness, possibly resulting in coma and lethal outcome.

In addition, signs of adrenergic counter-regulation may be observed: sweating, clammy skin, anxiety, tachycardia, hypertension, palpitations, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia.

Usually, symptoms disappear after intake of carbohydrates (sugar). However, artificial sweeteners have no effect. Experience with other sulphonylureas shows that hypoglycaemia can recur even when measures prove effective initially.

If a hypoglycaemic episode is severe or prolonged, and even if it is temporarily controlled by intake of sugar, immediate medical treatment or even hospitalisation are required.

Gastrointestinal disturbances, including abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting dyspepsia, diarrhoea, and constipation have been reported: if these should occur they can be avoided or minimised if gliclazide is taken with breakfast.

The following undesirable effects have been more rarely reported:

• Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders: rash, pruritus, urticaria, erythema, maculopapular rashes, bullous reactions.

• Blood and lymphatic system disorders: Changes in haematology are rare. They may include anaemia, leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, granulocytopenia. These are in general reversible upon discontinuation of medication.

• Hepato-biliary disorders: raised hepatic enzyme levels (AST, ALT, alkaline phosphatase), hepatitis (isolated reports).

Discontinue treatment if cholestatic jaundice appears.

These symptoms usually disappear after discontinuation of treatment.

• Eye disorders

Transient visual disturbances may occur especially on initiation of treatment, due to changes in blood glucose levels.

• Class attribution effects:

As for other sulphonylureas, the following adverse events have been observed: cases of erythrocytopenia, agranulocytosis, haemolytic anaemia, pancytopenia, allergic vasculitis, hyponatremia, elevated liver enzyme levels and even impairment of liver function (e.g. with cholestasis and jaundice) and hepatitis which regressed after withdrawal of the sulphonylurea or led to lifethreatening liver failure in isolated cases.

An overdose of sulphonylureas may cause hypoglycaemia.

Moderate symptoms of hypoglycaemia, without any loss of consciousness or neurological signs, must be corrected by carbohydrate intake, dose adjustment and/or change of diet. Strict monitoring should be continued until the doctor is sure that the patient is out of danger.

Severe hypoglycaemic reactions, with coma, convulsions or other neurological disorders are possible and must be treated as a medical emergency, requiring immediate hospitalisation.

If hypoglycaemic coma is diagnosed or suspected, the patient should be given a rapid I.V. injection of 50 mL of concentrated glucose solution (20 to 30 %). This should be followed by continuous infusion of a more dilute glucose solution (10 %) at a rate that will maintain blood glucose levels above 1 g/L. Patients should be monitored closely and, depending on the patient's condition after this time, the doctor will decide if further monitoring is necessary.

Dialysis is of no benefit to patients due to the strong binding of gliclazide to proteins.

SULFONAMIDES, UREA DERIVATIVES

ATC code: A10BB09

Gliclazide is a hypoglycaemic sulphonylurea antidiabetic active substance differing from other related compounds by an Ncontaining heterocyclic ring with an endocyclic bond.

Gliclazide reduces blood glucose levels by stimulating insulin secretion from the β-cells of the islets of Langerhans. Increase in postprandial insulin and C-peptide secretion persists after two years of treatment.

In addition to these metabolic properties, gliclazide has haemovascular properties.

Effects on insulin release

In type 2 diabetics, gliclazide restores the first peak of insulin secretion in response to glucose and increases the second phase of insulin secretion. A significant increase in insulin response is seen in response to stimulation induced by a meal or glucose. Haemovascular properties:

Gliclazide decreases microthrombosis by two mechanisms which may be involved in complications of diabetes:

• A partial inhibition of platelet aggregation and adhesion, with a decrease in the markers of platelet activation (beta

thromboglobulin, thromboxane B2).

• An action on the vascular endothelium fibrinolytic activity with an increase in tPA activity.

The drug is well absorbed and its half-life in man is approximately 10-12 hours. Gliclazide is metabolised in the liver; less that 5% of the dose is excreted unchanged in the urine.

Preclinical data reveal no special hazards for humans based on conventional studies of repeated dose toxicity and genotoxicity.

Long term carcinogenicity studies have not been done. No teratogenic changes have been shown in animal studies, but lower fetal body weight was observed in animals receiving doses 9.4 fold higher than the maximum recommended dose in humans.

Lactose BP 200

Colloidal Silicon Dioxide

Povidone K 30

Magnesium Stearate

Compritol 888 ATO

Not Applicable.

36Months/3Years.

Store below 30°C.

20 and 60/pack (80mg)                                                                                                         

Reel PVC/PVDC and aluminium foil lid

No Special Disposal.