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Piperacillin belongs to the group of medicines known as “broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotics”. It can kill many kinds of bacteria. Tazobactam can prevent some resistant bacteria from surviving the effects of piperacillin. This means that when piperacillin and tazobactam are given together, more types of bacteria are killed. Prizma is used in adults and adolescents to treat bacterial infections, such as those affecting the lower respiratory tract (lungs), urinary tract (kidneys and bladder), abdomen, skin or blood. Prizma may be used to treat bacterial infections in patients with low white blood cell counts (reduced resistance to infections).
Prizma is used in children aged 2-12 years to treat infections of the abdomen such as appendicitis, peritonitis (infection of the fluid and lining of the abdominal organs), and gallbladder (biliary) infections. Prizma may be used to treat bacterial infections in patients with low white blood cell counts (reduced resistance to infections).
In certain serious infections, your doctor may consider using Prizma in combination with other antibiotics.
Do not use Prizma
- If you are allergic to piperacillin or tazobactam or any of the other ingredients of this medicine (listed in section 6).
- If you are allergic to antibiotics known as penicillins, cephalosporins or other beta-lactamase inhibitors, as you may be allergic to Prizma.
Warnings and precautions
Talk to your doctor, pharmacist or nurse before using Prizma:
- If you have allergies, If you have several allergies, make sure you tell your doctor or other healthcare professional before receiving this product.
- If you are suffering from diarrhoea before, or if you develop diarrhoea during or after your treatment. In this case, make sure you tell your doctor or other healthcare professional immediately. Do not take any medicine for the diarrhoea without first checking with your doctor.
- If you have low levels of potassium in your blood. Your doctor may want to check your kidneys before you take this medicine and may perform regular blood tests during treatment.
- If you have kidney or liver problems, or are receiving haemodialysis. Your doctor may want to check your kidneys before you take this medicine, and may perform regular blood tests during treatment.
- If you are taking certain medicines (called anticoagulants) to avoid an excess of blood clotting (see also “Other medicines and Prizma” in this leaflet) or any unexpected bleeding occurs during the treatment. In this case, you should inform your doctor or other healthcare professional immediately.
- If you develop convulsions during the treatment. In this case, you should inform your doctor or other healthcare professional .
- If you think you developed a new or worsening infection. In this case, you should inform your doctor or other healthcare professional.
Children
Piperacillin/tazobactam is not recommended for use in children below the age of 2 years due to insufficient data on safety and effectiveness.
Other medicines and Prizma
Tell your doctor or other healthcare professional if you are taking or have recently taken or might take any other medicines, including medicines obtained without a prescription. Some medicines may interact with piperacillin and tazobactam.
These include:
- Medicine for gout (probenecid). This can increase the time it takes for piperacillin and tazobactam to leave your body.
- Medicines to thin your blood or to treat blood clots (e.g. heparin, warfarin or aspirin).
- Medicines used to relax your muscles during surgery. Tell your doctor if you are going to have a general anaesthetic.
- Methotrexate (medicine used to treat cancer, arthritis or psoriasis). Piperacillin and tazobactam can increase the time it takes for methotrexate to leave your body.
- Medicines that reduce the level of potassium in your blood (e.g. tablets enhancing urination or some medicines for cancer).
- Medicines containing the other antibiotics tobramycin, gentamicin or vancomycin. Tell your doctor if you have kidney problems.
Effect on laboratory tests
Tell the doctor or laboratory staff that you are taking Prizma if you have to provide a blood or urine sample.
Pregnancy and breast-feeding
If you are pregnant or breast-feeding, think you may be pregnant or are planning to have a baby, ask your doctor or other healthcare professional for advice before receiving this medicine. Your doctor will decide if Prizma is right for you.
Piperacillin and tazobactam can pass to a baby in the womb or through breast milk. If you are breast-feeding, your doctor will decide if Prizma is right for you.
Driving and using machines
The use of piperacillin/tazobactam is not expected to affect the ability to drive or use machines.
Prizma contains sodium
Prizma contains sodium. Each vial of 2 g/0.25 g and 4 g/0.5 g contains 108.1 mg or 216.1 mg sodium; respectively. This should be taken into consideration if you are on a controlled-sodium diet.
Your doctor or other healthcare professional will give you this medicine through an infusion (a drip for 30 minutes) into one of your veins.
Dosage
The dose of medicine given to you depends on what you are being treated for, your age, and whether or not you have kidney problems.
Adults and adolescents above 12 years of age
The usual dose is 4 g/0.5 g of piperacillin/tazobactam given every 6-8 hours, which is given into one of your veins (directly into the blood stream).
Children aged 2 to 12 years
The usual dose for children with abdominal infections is 100 mg/12.5 mg/kg of body weight of piperacillin/tazobactam given every 8 hours into one of your veins (directly into the blood stream). The usual dose for children with low white blood cell counts is 80 mg/10 mg/kg of body weight of piperacillin/tazobactam given every 6 hours into one of your veins (directly into the blood stream).
Your doctor will calculate the dose depending on your child’s weight but each individual dose will not exceed 4 g/0.5 g of Prizma.
You will be given Prizma until the sign of infection has gone completely (5 to 14 days).
Patients with kidney problems
Your doctor may need to reduce the dose of Prizma or how often you are given it. Your doctor may also want to test your blood to make sure that your treatment is at the right dose, especially if you have to take this medicine for a long time.
If you receive more Prizma than you should
As you will receive Prizma from a doctor or other healthcare professional, you are unlikely to be given the wrong dose. However, if you experience side effects, such as convulsions, or think you have been given too much, tell your doctor immediately.
If you miss a dose of Prizma
If you think you have not been given a dose of Prizma, tell your doctor or other healthcare professional immediately
If you have any further questions on the use of this medicine, ask your doctor or nurse.
Like all medicines, this medicine can cause side effects, although not everybody gets them.
See a doctor immediately if you experience any of these potentially serious side effects of piperacillin/tazobactam:
The serious side effects (with frequency in brackets) of piperacillin/ tazobactam are:
- Serious skin rashes [Stevens-Johnson syndrome, dermatitis bullous (Not known), dermatitis exfoliative (Not known), toxic epidermal necrolysis (Rare)] appearing initially as reddish target-like spots or circular patches often with central blisters on the trunk. Additional signs include ulcers in the mouth, throat, nose, extremities, genitals and conjunctivitis (red and swollen eyes). The rash may progress to widespread blistering or peeling of the skin and potentially may be life-threatening
- Severe potentially fatal allergic condition (drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms) that can involve the skin and most importantly other organs under the skin such as the kidney and the liver
- A skin condition (acute generalised exanthematous pustulosis) accompanied by fever, which consists of numerous tiny fluid filled blisters contained within large areas of swollen and reddened skin
- Swelling of the face, lips, tongue or other parts of the body (Not known)
- Shortness of breath, wheezing or trouble breathing (Not known)
- Severe rash or hives (Uncommon), itching or rash on the skin (Common)
- Yellowing of the eyes or skin (Not known)
- Damage to blood cells [the signs include: being breathless when you do not expect it, red or brown urine (Not known), nosebleeds (Rare) and small spot bruising (Not known)], severe decrease in white blood cells (Rare)
- Severe or persistent diarrhoea accompanied by a fever or weakness (Rare).
If any of the following side effects gets serious, or if you notice any side effects not listed in this leaflet, please tell your doctor or other healthcare professional.
Very common side effects (may affect more than 1 in 10 people):
- Diarrhoea
Common side effects (may affect up to 1 in 10 people):
- Yeast infection
- Decrease in platelets, decrease of red blood cells or blood pigment/ haemoglobin, abnormal lab test (positive direct Coombs), prolonged blood clotting time (activated partial thromboplastin time prolonged)
- Decrease in blood protein
- Headache, sleeplessness
- Abdominal pain, vomiting, nausea, constipation, upset stomach
- Increase in blood liver enzymes
- Skin rash, itching
- Abnormal kidney blood tests
- Fever, injection site reaction
Uncommon side effects (may affect up to 1 in 100 people):
- Decrease in white blood cells (leukopenia), prolonged blood clotting time (prothrombin time prolonged)
- Decreased blood potassium, decreased blood sugar
- Fits (convulsions), seen in patients on high doses or with kidney problems
- Low blood pressure, inflammation of the veins (felt as tenderness or redness in the affected area), reddening of skin
- Increase of a blood pigment breakdown product (bilirubin)
- Skin reactions with redness, formation of skin lesions, nettle rash
- Joint and muscle pain
- Chills
Rare side effects (may affect up to 1 in 1,000 people):
- Severe decrease in white blood cells (agranulocytosis), bleeding of the nose
- Serious infection of the colon, inflammation of the mucous lining of the mouth
- Detachment of the top layer of the skin all over the body (toxic epidermal necrolysis)
Not known (cannot be estimated from the available data) side effects:
- Severe decrease of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets (pancytopenia), decrease in white blood cells (neutropenia), decrease of red blood cells due to premature breakdown or degradation, small spot bruising, bleeding time prolonged, increase of platelets, increase of a specific type of white blood cells (eosinophilia)
- Allergic reaction and severe allergic reaction
- Inflammation of the liver, yellow staining of the skin or whites of the eyes
- Serious body wide allergic reaction with skin and mucous lining rashes, blistering and various skin eruptions (Stevens-Johnson Syndrome), severe allergic condition involving skin and other organs such as the kidney and the liver (drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms), numerous tiny fluid filled blisters contained within large areas of swollen and reddened skin accompanied by fever (acute generalised exanthematous pustulosis), skin reactions with blistering (dermatitis bullous)
- Poor kidney functions and kidney problems
- A form of lung disease where eosinophils (a form of white blood cell) appear in the lung in increased numbers
- Acute disorientation and confusion (delirium) Piperacillin therapy has been associated with an increased incidence of fever and rash in cystic fibrosis patients. Beta-lactam antibiotics, including piperacillin tazobactam, may lead to signs of altered brain function (encephalopathy) and convulsions.
Keep this medicine out of the sight and reach of children.
Unopened vial: Do not store above 30°C.
Store in the original package.
For single use only. Discard any unused solution.
Do not use this medicine after the expiry date which is stated on the package after “EXP”. The expiry date refers to the last day of that month.
Do not use this medicine if you notice any visible signs of deterioration.
Do not throw away any medicines via wastewater or household waste. Ask your pharmacist how to throw away medicines you no longer use. These measures will help protect the environment.
The active substances are piperacillin sodium and tazobactam sodium.
Each vial of Prizma 2 g/0.25 g Powder for Solution for Infusion contains 2.085 g piperacillin sodium equivalent to 2 g piperacillin and 0.2683 g tazobactam sodium equivalent to 0.25 g tazobactam.
Each vial of Prizma 4 g/0.5 g Powder for Solution for Infusion contains 4.17 g piperacillin sodium equivalent to 4 g piperacillin and 0.5366 g tazobactam sodium equivalent to 0.5 g tazobactam.
There are no other ingredients.
Marketing Authorization Holder and Batch releaser
Jazeera Pharmaceutical Industries
Al-Kharj Road
P.O. BOX 106229
Riyadh 11666, Saudi Arabia
Tel: + (966-11) 8107023, + (966-11) 2142472
Fax: + (966-11) 2078170
e-mail: SAPV@hikma.com
Bulk manufacturer and Under licensed from
Laboratory Reig Jofre S.A.
C/Jarama 111 Polígono Industrial
45007, Toledo
Spain
ينتمي بيبيراسيلين إلى مجموعة الأدوية المعروفة باسم ”المضادات الحيوية البينيسيلينية واسعة الزمرة“. وهي قادرة على القضاء على العديد من أنواع البكتيريا.
يستطيع أن يمنع تازوباكتام بعض البكتيريا المقاومة لاثار البيبيراسيلين من البقاء على قيد الحياة. ويعني ذلك أنه عندما يتم إعطاء بيبيراسيلين وتازوباكتام معا فإنه يتم القضاء على أنواع أكثر من البكتيريا.
يستخدم بريزما لدى البالغين والمراهقين لعلاج العدوى البكتيرية، مثل العدوى التي تصيب الجهاز التنفسي السفلي (الرئتين)، الجهاز البولي (الكلى والمثانة)، البطن، الجلد أو الدم.
قد يستخدم بريزما لعلاج العدوى البكتيرية لدى المرضى الذين يعانون من انخفاض عدد كريات الدم البيضاء (انخفاض المقاومة للعدوى).
يستخدم بريزما لدى الأطفال الذين تتراوح أعمارهم بين عامين و12 عامالعلاج عدوى البطن مثل التهاب الزائدة، والتهاب الصفاق(عدوى السوائل وبطانة أعضاء البطن)، وعدوى المرارة (الصفراوية). قد يستخدم بريزما لعالج العدوى البكتيرية لدى المرضى الذين يعانون من انخفاض عدد كريات الدم البيضاء (انخفاض المقاومة للعدوى).
قد يرى الطبيب ضرورة استخدام بريزما مع مضادات حيوية أخرى في حالات خطيرة محددة من العدوى.
لا تستخدم بريزما
- إذا كنت تعاني من حساسية لبيبيراسيلين أو تازوباكتام أو لأي من المواد الأخرى المستخدمة في تركيبة هذا الدواء (المذكورة في القسم 6) .
- إذا كنت تعاني من حساسية للمضادات الحيوية المعروفة بالبينيسيلينات، السيفالوسبورينات أو مثبطات البيتا-لاكتاماز الأخرى، فقد تعاني من حساسية تجاه بريزما.
الاحتياطات والتحذيرات
تحدث مع طبيبك، الصيدلي أو الممرض قبل استخدام بريزما:
- إذا كنت تعاني من حساسية. إذا كنت تعاني من العديد من الحساسية، تأكد من التحدث إلى طبيبك أو إلى شخص آخر من متخصصي الرعاية الصحية قبل استخدام هذا المستحضر.
- إذا كنت تعاني من الإسهال قبل استخدام الدواء، أو إذا أصبت بالإسهال أثناء أو بعد استخدامه. في هذه الحالة، احرص على التحدث إلى طبيبك أو إلى شخص آخر من متخصصي الرعاية الصحية على الفور. لا تتناول أي دواء لعلاج الإسهال دون التحقق أولا من طبيبك.
- إذا كنت تعاني من انخفاض مستويات البوتاسيوم في الدم. قد يطلب طبيبك فحص الكلى قبل تناول هذا الدواء وقد يُجري فحوصات للدم بشكل منتظم أثناء العلاج.
- إذا كنت تعاني من مشاكل بالكلى أو بالكبد، أو إذا كنت تخضع لغسيل الكلى. قد يطلب طبيبك فحص الكلى قبل تناول هذا الدواء وقد يُجري فحوصات للدم بشكل منتظم أثناء العلاج.
- إذا كنت تتناول أدوية معينة (يُطلق عليها مضادات التخثر) وذلك لتجنب زيادة تجلط الدم (انظر أيضا ”الأدوية الأخرى وبريزما“ في هذه النشرة) أو إذا حدث أي نزيف غير متوقع أثناء العلاج. في هذه الحالة، ينبغي عليك إخبار طبيبك أو أي شخص آخر من متخصصي الرعاية الصحية على الفور.
- إذا أصبت باختلاجات أثناء العلاج. في هذه الحالة، ينبغي عليك إخبار طبيبك أو أي شخص آخر من متخصصي الرعاية الصحية
- إذا كنت تعتقد أن العدوى تزداد سوءا أو أنك صبت بعدوى جديدة. في هذه الحالة، ينبغي عليك إخبار طبيبك أو أي شخص آخر من متخصصي الرعاية الصحية.
الأطفال
لايوصى باستخدام بيبيراسيلين/تازوباكتام لدى الأطفال الذين تقل أعمارهم عن عامين وذلك لعدم وجود البيانات الكافية حول سلامة وفاعلية هذا الدواء لديهم.
الأدوية الأخرى وبريزما
أخبر طبيبك أو أي شخص آخر من متخصصي الرعاية الصحية إذا كنت تأخذ أو أخذت مؤخرا أو قد تأخذ أية أدوية أخرى، بما في ذلك الأدوية التي تم الحصول عليها دون وصفة طبية.
قد تتداخل بعض الأدوية مع بيبيراسيلين وتازوباكتام.
وتشمل:
- دواء لعلاج النقرس (بروبينيسيد). يمكن أن يزيد هذا الدواء من المدة التي يستغرقها بيبيراسيلين وتازوباكتام للخروج من الجسم.
- أدوية لزيادة سيولة الدم أو لعلاج الجلطات الدموية (مثل الهيبارين، الوارافارين أو الأسبرين).
- الأدوية التي تستخدم لإرخاء العضلات أثناء الجراحة. أخبر طبيبك إذا كنت ستخضع لتخدير عام.
- ميثوتريكسات (دواء يستخدم لعلاج السرطان، التهاب المفاصل أو الصدفية). يمكن أن يزيد دواء بيبيراسيلين وتازوباكتام من المدة التي يستغرقها ميثوتريكسات للخروج من الجسم.
- الأدوية التي تعمل على تقليل مستوى البوتاسيوم في الدم (مثل الأقراص التي تحسن التبول أو بعض أدوية السرطان). •
- الأدوية التي تحتوي على المضادات الحيوية الأخرى مثل توبراميسين، جنتاميسين أو ڤانكوميسين. أخبر طبيبك إذا كنت تعاني من مشاكل بالكلى.
التأثير على فحوصات المختبر
أخبر الطبيب أو طاقم المختبر بأنك تستخدم بريزما إذا كان يتعين عليك تقديم عينة دم أو بول.
الحمل والرضاعة
يرجى استشارة طبيبك أو متخصص الرعاية الصحية قبل تلقي هذا الدواء، إذا كنت حاملا أو تقومين بالرضاعة، تعتقدين بأنك حامل أو تخططين لذلك. وسوف يحدد طبيبك ما إذا كان بريزما يناسبك أم لا.
قد ينتقل بيبيراسيلين وتازوباكتام إلى الطفل في الرحم أو من خلال حليب الثدي. إذا كنت ترضعين رضاعة طبيعية، فسوف يحدد طبيبك ما إذا كان بريزما يناسبك أم لا.
القيادة واستخدام الالات
ليس من المتوقع أن يؤثر استخدام بيبيراسيلين/تازوباكتام على القدرة على القيادة أو استخدام الالات.
يحتوي بريزما على الصوديوم
يحتوي بريزما على الصوديوم. تحتوي كل زجاجة من 2 غم/0.25 غم و4 غم/0.5غم على 108.1 ملغم أو 216.1 ملغم صوديوم؛ على التوالي. ينبغي وضع ذلك في عين الإعتبار إذا كنت تتبع نظاما غذائيا يتم فيه التحكم في كمية الصوديوم.
سوف يعطيك طبيبك أو متخصص الرعاية الصحية هذا الدواء من خلال التسريب (تنقيط لمدة 30 دقيقة) في أحد الأوردة.
الجرعة
تعتمد جرعة الدواء المعطاة على نوع العدوى التي يتم علاجها والعمر وما إذا كنت تعاني من مشاكل في الكلى.
البالغون والمراهقون الذين تبلغ أعمارهم أكثر من 12 عاما
الجرعة المعتادة هي 4 غم/0.5 غم من بيبيراسيلين/تازوباكتام تعطى كل 6 إلى 8 ساعات في أحد الأوردة (في مجرى الدم مباشرة).
الأطفال الذين تتراوح أعمارهم من عامين إلى 12 عاما
الجرعة المعتادة للأطفال الذين يعانون من عدوى بطنية هي100 ملغم/12.5 ملغم/كغم من وزن الجسم من بيبيراسيلين/تازوباكتام و تعطى كل 8 ساعات في أحد الأوردة (في مجرى الدم مباشرة). الجرعة المعتادة للأ طفال الذين يعانون من انخفاض عدد كريات الدم البيضاء هي 80ملغم/10 ملغم/كغم من وزن الجسم من بيبيراسيلين/تازوباكتام وتعطى كل 6 ساعات في أحد الأوردة (في مجرى الدم مباشرة).
سوف يحسب الطبيب الجرعة حسب وزن طفلك، إلا أن كل جرعة فردية لن تتجاوز 4 غم/0.5 غم من بريزما.
سيتم إعطاؤك بريزما إلى أن تختفي علامات العدوى تماما(من 5 إلى 14 يوم).
المرضى الذين يعانون من مشاكل في الكلى
قد يحتاج طبيبك إلى تقليل جرعة بريزما أو عدد المرات التي يتم إعطاؤك فيها هذه الجرعة. قد يرغب طبيبك أيضا في إجراء اختبار دم للتأكد من أنه يتم علاجك بالجرعة المناسبة، لا سيما إذا كان عليك استخدام هذا الدواء لفترة طويلة.
إذا تلقيت بريزما أكثر من اللازم
نظرا لأنك ستتلقى بريزما بمعرفة طبيب أو متخصص رعاية صحية آخر، فمن غير المحتمل أن يتم إعطاؤك الجرعة الخطأ. ومع ذلك، إذا كنت تعاني من آثار جانبية، مثل الاختلاجات، أو كنت تعتقد أنك قد تناولت جرعة زائدة، فأخبر طبيبك على الفور.
إذا نسيت تناول جرعة من بريزما
إذا كنت تعتقد أنه لم يتم إعطاؤك جرعة من بريزما، فأخبر طبيبك أو أي شخص آخر من متخصصي الرعاية الصحية على الفور.
إذا كانت لديك أي أسئلة إضافية حول استخدام هذا الدواء، يرجى استشارة طبيب أو الممرض.
مثل جميع االأدوية، قد يسبب هذا الدواء آثارا جانبية، إلا أنه ليس بالضرورة تحدث لدى جميع مستخدمي هذا الدواء.
يجب استشارة الطبيب على الفور إذا أصبت بأي من آثار بيبيراسيلين/تازوباكتام الجانبية الخطيرة التالية:
الاثار الجانبية الخطيرة (ومع درجة تكرارها بين الأقواس) لبيبيراسيلين/تازوباكتام هي:
- حالات خطيرة من الطفح الجلدي [متلازمة ستيفنز جونسون، التهاب الجلد الفقاعي (غير معروفة)، التهاب الجلد التقشري (غير معروفة)، تقشر الأنسجة المتموتة البشروية التسممي (نادرة) ] والتي تظهر في البداية على هيئة نقاط أو بقع دائرية حمراء على الجذع تظهر غالبا في وسطها نقطات. تشمل العلامات الإضافية تقرحات في الفم، الحلق، الأنف،الأطراف، الأعضاء التناسلية والتهاب الملتحمة (احمرار وتورم العينين). قد يتحول الطفح الجلدي إلى بثور منتشرة أو تقشر في الجلد وقد يكون مهدد للحياة أحيانا
- حالة تحسسية شديدة قد تكون مميتة (تفاعل دوائي يصاحبه أعراض جهازية وكثرة اليوزينيات) والتي يمكن أن تصيب الجلد والأهم من ذلك الأعضاء الأخرى تحت الجلد مثل الكلى والكبد
- حالة جلدية (داء البثور الطفحية المعمم الحاد) تصاحبها حمى، وتتكون من نفطات صغيرة عديدة ممتلئة بالسوائل في مناطق جلدية حمراء متورمة في مناطق واسعة من الجسم
- تورم الوجه، الشفتين، اللسان أو أي أجزاء أخرى من الجسم (غير معروفة)
- ضيق التنفس، صفير أو صعوبة في التنفس (غير معروفة)
- طفح جلدي شديد أو شرى (غير شائعة)، أو حكة أو طفح على الجلد (شائعة)
- اصفرار العينين أو الجلد (غير معروفة)
- تلف خلايا الدم [ وتشمل العلامات: الشعور بضيق التنفس عند عدم توقع ذلك، بول أحمر أو بني (غير معروفة)، نزف الأنف (نادرة) وكدمات على شكل بقع صغيرة (غير معروفة) ] ، انخفاض شديد في خلايا الدم البيضاء (نادرة)
- إسهال شديد أو مستمر مصحوب بحمى أو ضعف (نادرة).
يرجى الاتصال بطبيبك أو متخصص الرعاية الصحية في حال أصبحت أي من الاثار الجانبية أكثر سوءا ً أو في حال ظهور أي آثار جانبية جديدة لم تذكر في هذه النشرة.
آثار جانبية شائعة جدا (قد تؤثر على أكثر من 1 من كل 10 أشخاص)
- إسهال
آثار جانبية شائعة (قد تؤثر على ما يصل إلى 1 من كل 10 أشخاص):
- عدوى فطرية
- انخفاض في الصفائح، انخفاض في خلايا الدم الحمراء أو صباغ الدم/الهيموغلوبين، نتائج غير طبيعية في فحوصات المختبر (نتيجة إيجابية باختبار كومبس المباشر)، إطالة زمن تجلط الدم (إطالة زمن الثرومبوبلاستين الجزئي المنشط)
- انخفاض في بروتين الدم
- صداع، أرق
- ألم في البطن، قيء، غثيان، إمساك، اضطراب في المعدة
- زيادة في إنزيمات الكبد في الدم
- طفح جلدي، حكة
- نتائج غير طبيعية لاختبارات فحص وظائف الكلى التي تظهر في فحوصات الدم
- حمى، تفاعل عند موضع الحقن
آثار جانبية غير شائعة (قد تؤثر على ما يصل إلى 1 من كل 100 شخص):
- انخفاض في خلايا الدم البيضاء (قلة الكريات البيض)، إطالة زمن تجلط الدم (إطالة زمن البروثرومبين)
- انخفاض البوتاسيوم في الدم، انخفاض السكر في الدم
- اختلاجات (تشنجات)، تم ملاحظتها في المرضى مع الجرعات العالية أو مع مشاكل الكلى
- انخفاض ضغط الدم، التهاب الأوردة (الشعور بألم أو احمرار بالمنطقة المصابة)، احمرار الجلد
- زيادة ناتج تحلل الصباغ الدموي (البيليروبين)
- ردود فعل جلدية مصحوبة باحمرار، تكون آفات بالجلد، مرض الشرى الطفحي القراصي
- ألم في المفاصل والعضلات
- قشعريرة
آثار جانبية نادرة (قد تؤثر على ما يصل إلى 1 من كل 1,000 شخص):
- انخفاض شديد في خاليا الدم البيضاء (ندرة المحببات)، نزف الأنف
- عدوى خطيرة بالقولون، التهاب بطانة الفم المخاطية
- انفصال الطبقة العلوية للجلد في الجسم بأكمله (تقشر الأنسجة المتموتة البشروية التسممي)
آثار جانبية غير معروفة (لا يمكن تقدير شيوعها من البيانات المتاحة):
- انخفاض شديد في خلايا الدم الحمراء، وخلايا الدم البيضاء والصفائح (قلة الكريات الشاملة)، انخفاض في خلايا الدم البيضاء (قلة العدلات)، انخفاض في خلايا الدم الحمراء نظرا للتكسر أو التحلل المبكر، كدمات على شكل بقع صغيرة، إطالة في زمن النزيف، زيادة الصفائح، زيادة نوع معين من خلايا الدم البيضاء (كثرة اليوزينيات)
- رد فعل تحسسي ورد فعل تحسسي شديد
- التهاب الكبد، اصفرار الجلد أو اصفرار بياض العينين
- رد فعل تحسسي خطير ومنتشر على الجسم يصاحبه طفح بالأغشية المخاطية والجلد، ونفطات وطفح جلدي متنوع الأشكال(متلازمة ستيفنز جونسون)، حالة تحسسية شديدة تتضمن الجلد وأعضاء أخرى مثل الكلى والكبد (تفاعل دوائي يصاحبه أعراض جهازية وكثرة اليوزينيات)، ونفطات صغيرة عديدة ممتلئة بالسوائل في مناطق جلدية حمراء متورمة في مناطق واسعة من الجسم مصحوبة بحمى(داء البثور الطفحية المعمم الحاد)، تفاعلات جلدية مع نفطات (التهاب الجلد الفقاعي)
- ضعف في وظائف الكلى ومشاكل بالكلى
- أحد أشكال الأمراض الرئوية حيث تظهر اليوزينيات (نوع من خلايا الدم البيضاء) في الرئة بأعداد متزايدة.
- توهان حاد وارتباك (هذيان)
ارتبط العلاج باستخدام بيبيراسيلين بحدوث متزايد للحمى والطفح الجلدي لدى مرضى التليف الكيسي.
قد تؤدي المضادات الحيوية من مجموعة بيتا-لاكتام، بما في ذلك بيبيراسيلين تازوباكتام، إلى ظهور علامات على وظائف المخ المتغيرة (اعتلال الدماغ) وتشنجات.
احفظ هذا الدواء بعيدا عن مرأى ومتناول الأطفال.
الزجاجة غير المفتوحة: لا يحفظ عند درجة حرارة أعلى من 30 °مئوية.
يحفظ داخل العبوة الأصلية.
للاستخدام لمرة واحدة فقط. تخلص من أي محلول غير مستخدم.
لا تستخدم هذا الدواء بعد تاريخ انتهاء الصالحية المذكور على العبوة الخارجية بعد ”EXP .”يشير تاريخ الانتهاء إلى اليوم الأخير من ذلك الشهر.
لا تستخدم هذا الدواء إذا لاحظت علامات تلف واضحة عليه.
لا تتخلص من الأدوية عن طريق مياه الصرف الصحي أو النفايات المنزلية , اسأل الصيدلي عن كيفية التخلص من الأدوية التي لم تعد بحاجة إليها. هذه اإلجراءات ستساعد في الحفاظ على سلامة البيئة.
المواد الفعالة هي بيبيراسيلين الصوديوم وتازوباكتام الصوديوم.
تحتوي كل زجاجة من بريزما 2 غم/0.25غم مسحوق للحل للتسريب على2.085 غم بيبيراسيلين الصوديوم يكافئ 2 غم بيبيراسيلين و0.2683 غم تازوباكتام الصوديوم يكافئ 0.25 غم تازوباكتام.
تحتوي كل زجاجة من بريزما 4 غم/0.5 غم مسحوق للحل للتسريب على 4.17 غم بيبيراسيلين الصوديوم يكافئ 4 غم بيبيراسيلين و0.5366 غم تازوباكتام الصوديوم يكافئ 0.5 غم تازوباكتام.
لا يوجد مكونات أخرى.
بريزما 2 غم/0.25 غم و4 غم/0.5 غم مسحوق للحل للتسريب هو مسحوق لونه أبيض أو مائل إلى الأبيض يأتي على شكل كتلة مفتتة معقمة في زجاجات شفافة من النوع رقم ٢ مع سدادات من مادة البروموبيوتيل وأغطية من الألومنيوم قابلة للفتح للأعلى.
حجم العبوة: زجاجة واحدة.
اسم وعنوان مالك رخصة التسويق ومحرر التشغيلة
شركة الجزيرة للصناعات الدوائية
طريق الخرج
صندوق بريد 106229
الرياض 11666 ،المملكة العربية السعودية
هاتف: 8107023(11_966)+ ,2142472(11-9966)+
فاكس: 2078170(11-966)+
البريد الالكتروني: SAPV@hikma.com
الشركة المصنعة للمستحضر النهائي وبترخيص من
شركة مختبر ريج جوفري العامة المحدودة
سي/جاراما 111 المنطقة الصناعية
45007 ،توليدو
أسبانيا
Prizma is indicated for the treatment of the following infections in adults and children over 2 years of age (see sections 4.2 and 5.1):
Adults and adolescents
- Severe pneumonia including hospital‐acquired and ventilator‐associated pneumonia
- Complicated urinary tract infections (including pyelonephritis)
- Complicated intra‐abdominal infections
- Complicated skin and soft tissue infections (including diabetic foot infections)
Treatment of patients with bacteraemia that occurs in association with, or is suspected to be associated with, any of the infections listed above. Prizma may be used in the management of neutropenic patients with fever suspected to be due to a bacterial infection.
Note: Use for bacteraemia due to extended‐beta‐lactamase (ESBL) producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae (ceftriaxone non‐susceptible), is not recommended in adult patients, see section 5.1.
Children 2 to 12 years of age
- Complicated intra‐abdominal infections
Prizma may be used in the management of neutropenic children with fever suspected to be due to a bacterial infection.
Consideration should be given to official guidance on the appropriate use of antibacterial agents.
Posology
The dose and frequency of Prizma depends on the severity and localisation of the infection and expected pathogens.
Adult and adolescent patients
Infections
The usual dose is 4 g piperacillin/0.5 g tazobactam given every 8 hours.
For nosocomial pneumonia and bacterial infections in neutropenic patients, the recommended dose is 4 g piperacillin/0.5 g tazobactam administered every 6 hours. This regimen may also be applicable to treat patients with other indicated infections when particularly severe.
The following table summarises the treatment frequency and the recommended dose for adult and adolescent patients by indication or condition:
Treatment frequency | Prizma 4 g/0.5 g |
Every 6 hours | Severe pneumonia |
Neutropenic adults with fever suspected to be due to a bacterial infection. | |
Every 8 hours | Complicated urinary tract infections (including pyelonephritis) |
Complicated intra‐abdominal infections | |
Skin and soft tissue infections (including diabetic foot infections |
Patients with renal impairment
The intravenous dose should be adjusted to the degree of actual renal impairment as follows (each patient must be monitored closely for signs of substance toxicity; medicinal product dose and interval should be adjusted accordingly):
Creatinine clearance (ml/min) | Prizma (recommended dose) |
> 40 | No dose adjustment necessary |
20‐40 | Maximum dose suggested: 4 g/0.5 g every 8 hours |
< 20 | Maximum dose suggested: 4 g/0.5 g every 12 hours |
For patients on haemodialysis, one additional dose of piperacillin/tazobactam 2 g/0.25 g should be administered following each dialysis period, because haemodialysis removes 30%‐50% of piperacillin in 4 hours.
Patients with hepatic impairment
No dose adjustment is necessary (see section 5.2).
Elderly patients
No dose adjustment is required for the elderly with normal renal function or creatinine clearance values above 40 ml/min.
Paediatric population (2‐12 years of age)
Infections
The following table summarises the treatment frequency and the dose per body weight for paediatric patients 2‐12 years of age by indication or condition:
Dose per weight and treatment frequency | Indication/condition |
80 mg Piperacillin/10 mg Tazobactam per kg body weight /every 6 hours | Neutropenic children with fever suspected to be due to bacterial infections* |
100 mg Piperacillin/12.5 mg Tazobactam per kg body weight/every 8 hours | Complicated intra‐abdominal infections* |
* Not to exceed the maximum 4 g/0.5 g per dose over 30 minutes.
Patients with renal impairment
The intravenous dose should be adjusted to the degree of actual renal impairment as follows (each patient must be monitored closely for signs of substance toxicity; medicinal product dose and interval should be adjusted accordingly):
Creatinine clearance (ml/min) | Prizma (recommended dose) |
> 50 | No dose adjustment needed. |
≤ 50 | 70 mg piperacillin/ 8.75 mg tazobactam/kg every 8 hours. |
For children on haemodialysis, one additional dose of 40 mg piperacillin/5 mg tazobactam/kg should be administered following each dialysis period.
Use in children aged below 2 years
The safety and efficacy of piperacillin/tazobactam in children 0‐ 2 years of age has not been established.
No data from controlled clinical studies are available.
Treatment duration
The usual duration of treatment for most indications is in the range of 5‐14 days. However, the duration of treatment should be guided by the severity of the infection, the pathogen(s) and the patient's clinical and bacteriological progress.
Method of administration
Prizma 2 g/0.25 g is administered by intravenous infusion (over 30 minutes).
For instructions on reconstitution of the medicinal product before administration, see section 6.6.
The selection of piperacillin/tazobactam to treat an individual patient should take into account the appropriateness of using a broad‐spectrum semi‐synthetic penicillin based on factors such as the severity of the infection and the prevalence of resistance to other suitable antibacterial agents.
Before initiating therapy with piperacillin/tazobactam, careful inquiry should be made concerning previous hypersensitivity reactions to penicillins, other beta‐lactam agents (e.g. cephalosporin, monobactam or carbapenem) and other allergens. Serious and occasionally fatal hypersensitivity (anaphylactic/anaphylactoid [including shock]) reactions have been reported in patients receiving therapy with penicillins, including piperacillin/tazobactam. These reactions are more likely to occur in persons with a history of sensitivity to multiple allergens. Serious hypersensitivity reactions require the discontinuation of the antibiotic, and may require administration of epinephrine and other emergency measures.
Piperacillin/tazobactam may cause severe cutaneous adverse reactions, such as Stevens‐Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms, and acute generalised exanthematous pustulosis (see section 4.8). If patients develop a skin rash they should be monitored closely and piperacillin/tazobactam discontinued if lesions progress.
Antibiotic‐induced pseudomembranous colitis may be manifested by severe, persistent diarrhoea which may be life‐threatening. The onset of pseudomembranous colitis symptoms may occur during or after antibacterial treatment. In these cases piperacillin/tazobactam, should be discontinued.
Therapy with piperacillin/tazobactam may result in the emergence of resistant organisms, which might cause super‐infections.
Bleeding manifestations have occurred in some patients receiving beta‐lactam antibiotics. These reactions sometimes have been associated with abnormalities of coagulation tests, such as clotting time, platelet aggregation and prothrombin time, and are more likely to occur in patients with renal failure. If bleeding manifestations occur, the antibiotic should be discontinued and appropriate therapy instituted.
Leukopenia and neutropenia may occur, especially during prolonged therapy; therefore, periodic assessment of haematopoietic
function should be performed.
As with treatment with other penicillins, neurological complications in the form of convulsions (seizures) may occur when high doses are administered, especially in patients with impaired renal function (see section 4.8).
Prizma contains sodium. Each vial contains 108.1 mg sodium. This should be taken into consideration for patients who are on a controlled‐sodium diet.
Hypokalaemia may occur in patients with low potassium reserves or those receiving concomitant medicinal products that may lower potassium levels; periodic electrolyte determinations may be advisable in such patients.
Renal Impairment
Due to its potential nephrotoxicity (see section 4.8), piperacillin/tazobactam should be used with care in patients with renal impairment or in hemodialysis patients. Intravenous dosages and administration intervals should be adjusted to the degree of renal function impairment (see section 4.2).
In a secondary analysis using data from a large multicenter, randomized‐controlled trial when glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was examined after administration of frequently used antibiotics in critically ill patients, the use of piperacillin/tazobactam was associated with a lower rate of reversible GFR improvement compared with the other antibiotics. This secondary analysis concluded that piperacillin/tazobactam was a cause of delayed renal recovery in these patients. Combined use of piperacillin/tazobactam and vancomycin may be associated with an increased incidence of acute kidney injury (see section 4.5).
Non‐depolarising muscle relaxants
Piperacillin when used concomitantly with vecuronium has been implicated in the prolongation of the neuromuscular blockade of vecuronium. Due to their similar mechanisms of action, it is expected that the neuromuscular blockade produced by any of the non‐depolarising muscle relaxants could be prolonged in the presence of piperacillin.
Anticoagulants
During simultaneous administration of heparin, oral anticoagulants and other substances that may affect the blood coagulation system including thrombocyte function, appropriate coagulation tests should be performed more frequently and monitored regularly.
Methotrexate
Piperacillin may reduce the excretion of methotrexate; therefore, serum levels of methotrexate should be monitored in patients
to avoid substance toxicity.
Probenecid
As with other penicillins, concurrent administration of probenecid and piperacillin/tazobactam produces a longer half‐life and lower renal clearance for both piperacillin and tazobactam; however, peak plasma concentrations of either substances are unaffected.
Aminoglycosides
Piperacillin, either alone or with tazobactam, did not significantly alter the pharmacokinetics of tobramycin in subjects with normal renal function and with mild or moderate renal impairment. The pharmacokinetics of piperacillin, tazobactam, and the M1 metabolite were also not significantly altered by tobramycin administration.
The inactivation of tobramycin and gentamicin by piperacillin has been demonstrated in patients with severe renal impairment.
For information related to the administration of piperacillin/tazobactam with aminoglycosides please refer to sections 6.2 and 6.6.
Vancomycin
Studies have detected an increased incidence of acute kidney injury in patients concomitantly administered piperacillin/tazobactam and vancomycin as compared to vancomycin alone (see section 4.4). Some of these studies have reported that the interaction is vancomycin dose‐ dependent.
No pharmacokinetic interactions have been noted between piperacillin/tazobactam and vancomycin.
Effects on laboratory tests
Non‐enzymatic methods of measuring urinary glucose may lead to false‐positive results, as with other penicillins. Therefore, enzymatic urinary glucose measurement is required under piperacillin/tazobactam therapy.
A number of chemical urine protein measurement methods may lead to false‐positive results. Protein measurement with
dip sticks is not affected.
The direct Coombs test may be positive.
Bio‐Rad Laboratories Platelia Aspergillus EIA tests may lead to false‐positive results for patients receiving piperacillin/tazobactam. Cross‐reactions with non‐Aspergillus polysaccharides and polyfuranoses with Bio‐Rad Laboratories Platelia Aspergillus EIA test have been reported.
Positive test results for the assays listed above in patients receiving piperacillin/tazobactam should be confirmed by other diagnostic methods.
Pregnancy
There are no or a limited amount of data from the use of piperacillin/tazobactam in pregnant women.
Studies in animals have shown developmental toxicity, but no evidence of teratogenicity, at doses that are maternally toxic (see section 5.3).
Piperacillin and tazobactam cross the placenta. Piperacillin/tazobactam should only be used during pregnancy if clearly indicated, i.e. only if the
expected benefit outweighs the possible risks to the pregnant woman and foetus.
Breast‐feeding
Piperacillin is excreted in low concentrations in human milk; tazobactam concentrations in human milk have not been studied. Women who are breast‐feeding should be treated only if the expected benefit outweighs the possible risks to the woman and child.
Fertility
A fertility study in rats showed no effect on fertility and mating after intraperitoneal administration of tazobactam or the combination piperacillin/tazobactam (see section 5.3).
No studies on the effect on the ability to drive and use machines have been performed.
The most commonly reported adverse reaction is diarrhoea (occurring in 1 patient out of 10).
Among the most serious adverse reactions pseudo‐membranous colitis and toxic epidermal necrolysis occur in 1 to 10 patients in 10,000. The frequencies for pancytopenia, anaphylactic shock and Stevens‐Johnson syndrome cannot be estimated from the currently available data.
In the following table, adverse reactions are listed by system organ class and MedDRA‐preferred term. Within each frequency grouping, undesirable effects are presented in order of decreasing seriousness.
System Organ Class | Very common (≥ 1/10) | Common (≥ 1/100 to < 1/10) | Uncommon (≥ 1/1,000 to < 1/100) | Rare (≥ 1/10,000 to < 1/1,000) | Frequency not known (cannot be estimated from available data) |
Infections and infestations |
| candida infection * |
| pseudo‐ membranous colitis |
|
Blood and lymphatic system disorders |
| thrombocytopenia, anaemia* | leukopenia | agranulocytosis | pancytopenia*, neutropenia, haemolytic anaemia*, thrombocytosis*, eosinophilia* |
Immune system disorders |
|
|
|
| anaphylactoid shock*, anaphylactic shock*, anaphylactoid reaction*, anaphylactic reaction*, hypersensitivity* |
Metabolism and nutrition disorders |
|
| hypokalaemia |
|
|
Psychiatric disorders |
| insomnia |
|
| delirium* |
Nervous system disorders |
| headache | seizure* |
|
|
Vascular disorders |
|
| hypotension, phlebitis, thrombophlebitis, flushing |
|
|
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders |
|
|
| epistaxis | eosinophilic pneumonia |
Gastrointestinal disorders | diarrhoea | abdominal pain, vomiting, constipation, nausea, dyspepsia |
| stomatitis |
|
Hepatobiliary disorders |
|
|
|
| hepatitis*, jaundice |
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders |
| rash, pruritus | erythema multiforme*, urticaria, rash maculopapular* | toxic epidermal necrolysis* | Stevens‐Johnson syndrome*, dermatitis exfoliative, drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS)*, acute generalised exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP)*, dermatitis bullous, purpura |
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders |
|
| arthralgia, myalgia |
|
|
Renal and urinary disorders |
|
|
|
| renal failure, tubulointerstitial nephritis* |
General disorders and administration site conditions |
| pyrexia, injection site reaction | chills |
|
|
Investigations |
| alanine aminotransferase increased, aspartate aminotransferase increased, protein total decreased, blood albumin decreased, Coombs direct test positive, blood creatinine increased, blood alkaline phosphatase increased, blood urea increased, activated partial thromboplastin time prolonged | blood glucose decreased, blood bilirubin increased, prothrombin time prolonged |
| bleeding time prolonged, gamma‐ glutamyltransferase increased |
*ADR identified post marketing
Piperacillin therapy has been associated with an increased incidence of fever and rash in cystic fibrosis patients.
Beta‐lactam antibiotic class effects
Beta‐lactam antibiotics, including piperacillin tazobactam, may lead to manifestations of encephalopathy and convulsions (see section 4.4).
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via:
- Saudi Arabia
The National Pharmacovigilance Centre (NPC)
SFDA Call Center: 19999
E‐mail: npc.drug@sfda.gov.sa
Website: https://ade.sfda.gov.sa
- Other GCC States Please contact the relevant competent authority.
Symptoms
There have been post‐marketing reports of overdose with piperacillin/tazobactam. The majority of those events experienced, including nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea, have also been reported with the usual recommended dose. Patients may experience neuromuscular excitability or convulsions if higher than recommended doses are given intravenously (particularly in the presence of renal failure).
Treatment
In the event of an overdose, piperacillin/tazobactam treatment should be discontinued. No specific antidote is known. Treatment should be supportive and symptomatic according to the patient's clinical presentation.
Excessive serum concentrations of either piperacillin or tazobactam may be reduced by haemodialysis (see section 4.4).
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Antibacterials for systemic use, Combinations of penicillins incl. beta‐ lactamase inhibitors; ATC code: J01C R05
Mechanism of action
Piperacillin, a broad‐spectrum, semisynthetic penicillin exerts bactericidal activity by inhibition of both septum and cell‐wall synthesis.
Tazobactam, a beta‐lactam structurally related to penicillins, is an inhibitor of many beta‐ lactamases, which commonly cause resistance to penicillins and cephalosporins but it does not inhibit AmpC enzymes or metallo beta‐lactamases. Tazobactam extends the antibiotic spectrum of piperacillin to include many beta‐lactamase‐producing bacteria that have acquired resistance to piperacillin alone.
Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic relationship
The time above the minimum inhibitory concentration (T>MIC) is considered to be the major pharmacodynamic determinant
of efficacy for piperacillin.
Mechanism of resistance
The two main mechanisms of resistance to piperacillin/tazobactam are:
- Inactivation of the piperacillin component by those beta‐lactamases that are not inhibited by tazobactam: beta‐lactamases in the Molecular class B, C and D. In addition, tazobactam does not provide protection against extended‐spectrum beta‐lactamases (ESBLs) in the Molecular class A and D enzyme groups.
- Alteration of penicillin‐binding proteins (PBPs), which results in the reduction of the affinity of piperacillin for the molecular target in bacteria. Additionally, alterations in bacterial membrane permeability, as well as expression of multi‐drug efflux pumps, may cause or contribute to bacterial resistance to piperacillin/tazobactam, especially in Gram‐negative bacteria.
Breakpoints
EUCAST Clinical MIC Breakpoints for piperacillin/tazobactam (EUCAST Clinical Breakpoint Table Version 10.0, valid from 2020‐01‐01). For Susceptibility Testing Purposes, the Concentration of Tazobactam is Fixed at 4 mg/l | |
Pathogen | Species‐related breakpoints (S≤/R>), mg/L of piperacillin |
Enterobacterales (formerly Enterobacteriaceae) | 8/16 |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | <0.001/161 |
Staphylococcus species | _2 |
Enterococcus species | _3 |
Streptococcus Groups A, B, C, and G | _4 |
Streptococcus pneumoniae | _5 |
Viridans group streptococci | _6 |
Haemophilus influenzae | 0.25/0.25 |
Moraxella catarrhalis | _7 |
Gram‐positive anaerobes (except Clostridioides difficile) | 8/16 |
Gram‐negative anaerobes | 8/16 |
Non‐species related (PK/PD) breakpoints | 4/16 |
1 For several agents, EUCAST has introduced breakpoints which categorise wild‐type organisms (organisms without phenotypically detectable acquired resistance mechanisms to the agent) as "Susceptible, increased exposure (I)" instead of "Susceptible, standard dosing regimen (S)". Susceptible breakpoints for these organism‐agent combinations are listed as arbitrary, "off scale" breakpoints of S ≤ 0.001 mg/L. 2 Most staphylococci are penicillinase producers, and some are methicillin resistant. Either mechanism renders them resistant to benzylpenicillin, phenoxymethylpenicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, piperacillin and ticarcillin. Staphylococci that test susceptible to benzylpenicillin and cefoxitin can be reported susceptible to all penicillins. Staphylococci that test resistant to benzylpenicillin but susceptible to cefoxitin are susceptible to β‐lactamase inhibitor combinations, the isoxazolylpenicillins (oxacillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin and flucloxacillin) and nafcillin. For agents given orally, care to achieve sufficient exposure at the site of the infection should be exercised. Staphylococci that test resistant to cefoxitin are resistant to all penicillins. Ampicillin susceptible S. saprophyticus are mecA‐negative and susceptible to ampicillin, amoxicillin and piperacillin (without or with a beta‐lactamase inhibitor). 3 Susceptibility to ampicillin, amoxicillin and piperacillin (with and without beta‐lactamase inhibitor) can be inferred from ampicillin. Ampicillin resistance is uncommon in E. faecalis (confirm with MIC) but common in E. faecium. 4 The susceptibility of Streptococcus groups A, B, C and G to penicillins is inferred from the benzylpenicillin susceptibility with the exception of phenoxymethylpenicillin and isoxazolylpenicillins for Streptococcus group B. Streptococcus groups A, B, C and G do not produce beta‐lactamase. The addition of a beta‐lactamase inhibitor does not add clinical benefit. 5 The oxacillin 1 µg disk screen test or a benzylpenicillin MIC test shall be used to exclude beta‐lactam resistance mechanisms. When the screen is negative (oxacillin inhibition zone ≥20 mm, or benzylpenicillin MIC ≤0.06 mg/L) all beta‐lactam agents for which clinical breakpoints are available, including those with “Note” can be reported susceptible without further testing, except for cefaclor, which if reported, should be reported as “susceptible, increased exposure” (I). Streptococcus pneumoniae do not produce beta‐lactamase. The addition of a beta‐lactamase inhibitor does not add clinical benefit. Susceptibility inferred from ampicillin (MIC or zone diameter). 6 For isolates susceptible to benzylpenicillin, susceptibility can be inferred from benzylpenicillin or ampicillin. For isolates resistant to benzylpenicillin, susceptibility is inferred from ampicillin. 7 Susceptibility can be inferred from amoxicillin‐clavulanic acid.
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Susceptibility
The prevalence of acquired resistance may vary geographically and with time for selected species, and local information on resistance is desirable, particularly when treating severe infections. As necessary, expert advice should be sought when the local prevalence of resistance is such that the utility of the agent in at least some types of infections is questionable.
Groupings of relevant species according to piperacillin/tazobactam susceptibility |
Commonly susceptible species |
Aerobic Gram‐positive micro‐organisms |
Enterococcus faecalis (ampicillin‐ or penicillin‐susceptible isolates only) |
Listeria monocytogenes |
Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin‐susceptible isolates only) |
Staphylococcus species, coagulase negative (methicillin‐susceptible isolates only) |
Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B streptococci)† Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A streptococci)† |
Aerobic Gram‐negative micro‐organisms |
Citrobacter koseri |
Haemophilus influenzae |
Moraxella catarrhalis |
Proteus mirabilis |
Anaerobic Gram‐positive micro‐organisms |
Clostridium species |
Eubacterium species |
Anaerobic gram‐positive cocci†† |
Anaerobic Gram‐negative micro‐organisms |
Bacteroides fragilis group |
Fusobacterium species |
Porphyromonas species |
Prevotella species |
Species for which acquired resistance may be a problem |
Aerobic Gram‐positive micro‐organisms |
Enterococcus faecium |
Streptococcus pneumoniae† |
Streptococcus viridans group† |
Aerobic Gram‐negative micro‐organisms |
Acinetobacter baumannii |
Citrobacter freundii |
Enterobacter species |
Escherichia coli |
Klebsiella pneumoniae |
Morganella morganii |
Proteus vulgaris |
Providencia ssp. |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
Serratia species |
Inherently resistant organisms |
Aerobic Gram‐positive micro‐organisms |
Corynebacterium jeikeium |
Aerobic Gram‐negative micro‐organisms |
Burkholderia cepacia Legionella species Ochrobactrum anthropi |
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia |
Other micro‐organisms |
Chlamydophila pneumoniae |
Mycoplasma pneumoniae |
† Streptococci are not β‐lactamase producing bacteria; resistance in these organisms is due to alterations in penicillin‐ binding proteins (PBPs) and, therefore, susceptible isolates are susceptible to piperacillin alone. Penicillin resistance has not been reported in S. pyogenes. †† Including Anaerococcus, Finegoldia, Parvimonas, Peptoniphilus, and Peptostreptococcus spp. |
Merino Trial (blood stream infections due to ESBL producers)
In a prospective, non‐inferiority, parallel‐group, published randomized clinical trial, definitive (i.e. based on susceptibility confirmed in‐vitro) treatment with piperacillin/tazobactam, compared with meropenem, did not result in a non‐inferior 30‐day mortality in adult patients with ceftriaxone‐non‐susceptible E. coli or K. pneumoniae blood stream infections.
A total of 23 of 187 patients (12.3%) randomized to piperacillin/tazobactam met the primary outcome of mortality at 30 days compared with 7 of 191 (3.7%) randomized to meropenem (risk difference, 8.6% [1‐sided 97.5% CI − ∞ to 14.5%]; P = 0.90 for non‐inferiority). The difference did not meet the non‐inferiority margin of 5%.
Effects were consistent in an analysis of the per‐protocol population, with 18 of 170 patients (10.6%) meeting the primary outcome in a piperacillin/tazobactam group compared with 7 of 186 (3.8%) in the meropenem group (risk difference, 6.8% [one‐sided 97.5% CI, ‐ ∞ to 12.8%]; P = 0.76 for non‐inferiority).
Clinical and microbiological resolution (secondary outcomes) by day 4 occurred in 121 of 177 patients (68.4%) in the piperacillin/tazobactam group compared with 138 of 185 (74.6%), randomized to meropenem (risk difference, 6.2% [95% CI − 15.5 to 3.1%]; P = 0.19). For secondary outcomes, statistical tests were 2‐sided, with a P <0.05 considered significant.
In this trial, a mortality imbalance between study groups was found. It was supposed that deaths occurred in piperacillin/tazobactam group were related to underlying diseases rather than to the concomitant infection.
Absorption
The peak piperacillin and tazobactam concentrations after 4 g/0.5 g administered over 30 minutes by intravenous infusion are 298 µg/ml and 34 µg/ml respectively.
Distribution
Both piperacillin and tazobactam are approximately 30% bound to plasma proteins. The protein binding of either piperacillin or tazobactam is unaffected by the presence of the other compound. Protein binding of the tazobactam metabolite is negligible. Piperacillin/tazobactam is widely distributed in tissues and body fluids including intestinal mucosa, gallbladder, lung, bile, and bone. Mean tissue concentrations are generally 50 to 100% of those in plasma. Distribution into cerebrospinal fluid is low in subjects with non‐inflamed meninges, as with other penicillins.
Biotransformation
Piperacillin is metabolised to a minor microbiologically active desethyl metabolite. Tazobactam is metabolised to a single metabolite that has been found to be microbiologically inactive.
Elimination
Piperacillin and tazobactam are eliminated via the kidney by glomerular filtration and tubular secretion.
Piperacillin is excreted rapidly as unchanged substance, with 68% of the administered dose appearing in the urine. Tazobactam and its metabolite are eliminated primarily by renal excretion, with 80% of the administered dose appearing as unchanged substance and the remainder as the single metabolite. Piperacillin, tazobactam, and desethyl piperacillin are also secreted into the bile. Following single or multiple doses of piperacillin/tazobactam to healthy subjects, the plasma half‐ life of piperacillin and tazobactam ranged from 0.7 to 1.2 hours and was unaffected by dose or duration of infusion. The elimination half‐lives of both piperacillin and tazobactam are increased with decreasing renal clearance.
There are no significant changes in piperacillin pharmacokinetics due to tazobactam. Piperacillin appears to slightly reduce
the clearance of tazobactam.
Special populations
The half‐life of piperacillin and of tazobactam increases by approximately 25% and 18%, respectively, in patients with
hepatic cirrhosis compared to healthy subjects.
The half‐life of piperacillin and tazobactam increases with decreasing creatinine clearance. The increase in half‐life is two‐fold and four‐fold for piperacillin and tazobactam, respectively, at creatinine clearance below 20 ml/min compared to patients with normal renal function.
Haemodialysis removes 30% to 50% of piperacillin/tazobactam, with an additional 5% of the tazobactam dose removed as the tazobactam metabolite. Peritoneal dialysis removes approximately 6% and 21% of the piperacillin and tazobactam doses, respectively, with up to 18% of the tazobactam dose removed as the tazobactam metabolite.
Paediatric population
In a population PK analysis, estimated clearance for 9‐month‐old to 12 year‐old patients was comparable to adults, with a population mean
(SE) value of 5.64 (0.34) ml/min/kg. The piperacillin clearance estimate is 80% of this value for paediatric patients 2‐9 months of age.
The population mean (SE) for piperacillin volume of distribution is 0.243 (0.011) l/kg and is independent of age.
Elderly patients
The mean half‐life for piperacillin and tazobactam were 32% and 55% longer, respectively, in the elderly compared with younger subjects. This difference may be due to age‐related changes in creatinine clearance.
Race
No difference in piperacillin or tazobactam pharmacokinetics was observed between Asian (n=9) and Caucasian (n=9) healthy
volunteers who received single 4 g/0.5 g doses.
Non‐clinical data reveal no special hazard for humans based on conventional studies of repeated dose toxicity and genotoxicity. Carcinogenicity studies have not been conducted with piperacillin/tazobactam.
A fertility and general reproduction study in rats using intraperitoneal administration of tazobactam or the combination piperacillin/tazobactam reported a decrease in litter size and an increase in fetuses with ossification delays and variations of ribs, concurrent with maternal toxicity. Fertility of the F1 generation and embryonic development of F2 generation were not impaired.
Teratogenicity studies using intravenous administration of tazobactam or the combination piperacillin/tazobactam in mice and rats resulted in slight reductions in rat fetal weights at maternally toxic doses but did not show teratogenic effects.
Peri/postnatal development was impaired (reduced pup weights, increase in stillbirths, increase in pup mortality) concurrent with maternal toxicity after intraperitoneal administration of tazobactam or the combination piperacillin/tazobactam in the rat.
None
This medicinal product must not be mixed with other medicinal products except those mentioned in section 6.6.
Whenever piperacillin/tazobactam is used concurrently with another antibiotic (e.g. aminoglycosides), the substances must be administered separately. The mixing of beta‐lactam antibiotics with an aminoglycoside in vitro can result in substantial inactivation of the aminoglycoside.
Piperacillin/tazobactam should not be mixed with other substances in a syringe or infusion bottle since compatibility has not been established.
Due to chemical instability, piperacillin/tazobactam should not be used in solutions containing only sodium bicarbonate. Piperacillin/tazobactam should not be added to blood products or albumin hydrolysates.
Unopened vial: Do not store above 30°C.
For storage conditions of the reconstituted and diluted medicinal product, see section 6.3.
20 ml type II glass transparent vials with a bromobutyl stoppers and aluminum flip‐off caps.
Pack size: 1 Vial.
The reconstitution and dilution are to be made under aseptic conditions. The solution is to be inspected visually for particulate matter
and discolouration prior to administration. The solution should only be used if the solution is clear and free from particles.
Intravenous use
Reconstitute each vial with the volume of solvent shown in the table below, using one of the compatible solvents for reconstitution. Swirl until dissolved. When swirled constantly, reconstitution generally occurs within 5 to 10 minutes (for details on handling, please see below).
Content of vial | Volume of solvent* to be added to vial |
2 g/0.25 g (2 g piperacillin and 0.25 g tazobactam) | 10 ml |
4 g/0.5 g (4 g piperacillin and 0.5 g tazobactam) | 20 ml |
* Compatible solvents for reconstitution:
- 0.9% (9 mg/ml) sodium chloride solution for injection
- Water for injection (1)
- 5% Glucose
(1) Maximum recommended volume of water for injection per dose is 50 ml.
The reconstituted solutions should be withdrawn from the vial by syringe. When reconstituted as directed, the vial contents withdrawn by syringe will provide the labelled amount of piperacillin and tazobactam.
The reconstituted solutions may be further diluted to the desired volume (e.g. 50 ml to 150 ml) with one of the following compatible solvents:
- 0.9% (9 mg/ml) sodium chloride solution for injection
- Water for injection
- 5% Glucose
- 6% Dextrane
Co‐administration with aminoglycosides
Due to the in vitro inactivation of the aminoglycoside by beta‐lactam antibiotics,piperacillin/tazobactam and the aminoglycoside are recommended for separate administration. Piperacillin/tazobactam and the aminoglycoside should be reconstituted and diluted separately when concomitant therapy with aminoglycosides is indicated.
In circumstances where co‐administration is recommended, piperacillin/tazobactam is compatible for simultaneous co‐administration via Y‐site infusion only with the following aminoglycosides under the following conditions:
Aminoglycoside |
Piperacillin/tazobactam Dose |
Piperacillin/tazobactam diluent volume (ml) | Aminoglycoside concentration range* (mg/ml) |
Acceptable diluents |
Amikacin | 2 g/0.25 g 4 g/0.5 g | 50, 100, 150 | 1.75 – 7.5 | 0.9% sodium chloride or 5% glucose |
Gentamicin | 2 g/0.25 g 4 g/0.5 g | 50, 100, 150 | 0.7 – 3.32 | 0.9% sodium chloride or 5% glucose |
* The dose of aminoglycoside should be based on patient weight, status of infection (serious or life‐threatening) and renal function (creatinine clearance).
Compatibility of piperacillin/tazobactam with other aminoglycosides has not been established. Only the concentration and diluents for amikacin and gentamicin with the dose of piperacillin/tazobactam listed in the above table have been established as compatible for co‐ administration via Y‐site infusion. Simultaneous co‐administration via Y‐site in any manner other than listed above may result in inactivation of the aminoglycoside by piperacillin/tazobactam.
See section 6.2 for incompatibilities.
Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
For single use only. Discard any unused solution.