Rufzel is indicated as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) in patients 1 year of age and older.

Treatment with Rufinamide should be initiated by a physician specialised in paediatrics or neurology with experience in the treatment of epilepsy.
Rufinamide oral suspension and Rufinamide film-coated tablets may be interchanged at equal doses. Patients should be monitored during the switch over period.
Posology
Use in children from 1 year to less than 4 years of age
Patients not receiving valproate:
Treatment should be initiated at a dose of 10 mg/kg/day (0.25 ml/kg/day) administered in two equally divided doses separated by approximately 12 hours. According to clinical response and tolerability, the dose may be increased by up to 10 mg/kg/day (0.25 ml/kg/day) every third day to a target dose of 45 mg/kg/day (1.125 ml/kg/day) administered in two equally divided doses separated by approximately 12 hours. For this patient population, the maximum recommended dose is 45 mg/kg/day (1.125 ml/kg/day).Module-1
Patients receiving valproate:
As valproate significantly decreases clearance of rufinamide, a lower maximum dose of Rufina is recommended for patients being co-administered valproate. Treatment should be initiated at a dose of 10 mg/kg/day (0.25 ml/kg/day) administered in two equally divided doses separated by approximately 12 hours. According to clinical response and tolerability, the dose may be increased by up to 10 mg/kg/day (0.25 ml/kg/day) every third day to a target dose of 30 mg/kg/day (0.75 ml/kg/day) administered in two equally divided doses separated by approximately 12 hours. For this patient population, the maximum recommended dose is 30 mg/kg/day (0.75 ml/kg/day).
If the recommended calculated dose of Rufinamide is not achievable, the dose should be given to the nearest 0.5 ml of rufinamide.
Use in children 4 years of age or older and less than 30 kg
Patients < 30 kg not receiving valproate:
Treatment should be initiated at a daily dose of 200 mg (5 ml dosing suspension given as two 2.5 ml doses, one in the morning and one in the evening). According to clinical response and tolerability, the dose may be increased by 200 mg/day increments, as frequently as every third day, up to a maximum recommended dose of 1,000 mg/day (25 ml/day).
Doses of up to 3,600 mg/day (90 ml/day) have been studied in a limited number of patients.
Patients < 30 kg also receiving valproate:
As valproate significantly decreases clearance of rufinamide, a lower maximum dose of Rufinamide is recommended for patients < 30 kg being co-administered valproate. Treatment should be initiated at a daily dose of 200 mg. According to clinical response and tolerability, after a minimum of 2 days the dose may be increased by 200 mg/day, to the maximum recommended dose of 600 mg/day (15 ml/day).
Use in adults, adolescents and children 4 years of age or older of 30 kg or over
Patients > 30 kg not receiving valproate:
Treatment should be initiated at a daily dose of 400 mg (10 ml dosing suspension given as two 5 ml doses). According to clinical response and tolerability, the dose may be increased by 400

mg/day increments, as frequently as every other day, up to a maximum recommended dose as indicated in the table below.
Weight range
30.0 – 50.0 kg
50.1 – 70.0 kg
≥70.1 kg
Maximum recommended dose
1,800 mg/day or
45 ml/day
2,400 mg/day or
60 ml/day
3,200 mg/day or
80 ml/day
Doses of up to 4,000 mg/day (100 ml/day) in the 30 -50 kg range or 4,800 mg/day (120 ml/day) in the over 50 kg category have been studied in a limited number of patients.
Patients > 30 kg also receiving valproate:
Treatment should be initiated at a daily dose of 400 mg (10 ml dosing suspension given as two 5 ml doses). According to clinical response and tolerability, the dose may be increased by 400 mg/day increments, as frequently as every other day, up to a maximum recommended dose as indicated in the table below.
Weight range
30.0 – 50.0 kg
50.1 – 70.0 kg
≥70.1 kg
Maximum recommended dose
1,200 mg/day or
30 ml/day
1,600 mg/day or
40 ml/day
2,200 mg/day or
55 ml/day
Elderly
There is limited information on the use of rufinamide in older people. Since the pharmacokinetics of rufinamide are not altered in older people (see section 5.2), dosage adjustment is not required in patients over 65 years of age.
Renal impairment
A study in patients with severe renal impairment indicated that no dose adjustments are required for these patients (see section 5.2).

Hepatic impairment
Use in patients with hepatic impairment has not been studied. Caution and careful dose titration is recommended when treating patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment. Use in patients with severe hepatic impairment is not recommended.
Discontinuation of rufinamide
When rufinamide treatment is to be discontinued, it should be withdrawn gradually. In clinical trials rufinamide discontinuation was achieved by reducing the dose by approximately 25% every two days (see section 4.4).
In the case of one or more missed doses, individualised clinical judgement is necessary.
Uncontrolled open-label studies suggest sustained long-term efficacy, although no controlled study has been conducted for longer than three months.
Paediatric population
The safety and efficacy of rufinamide in new-born infants or infants and toddlers aged less than 1 year have not been established. No data are available (see section 5.2).
Method of administration
Rufinamide is for oral use.
The suspension should be taken twice daily in the morning and in the evening, in two equally divided doses.
Rufinamide should be administered with food (see section 5.2).
The oral suspension should be shaken vigorously before every administration. See section 6.6 for further details.
The prescribed dose of Rufinamide oral suspension can be administered via an enteral feeding tube. Follow the manufacturer's instructions for the feeding tube to administer the medicine. To ensure adequate dosing, after administration of the oral suspension, the enteral feeding tube must be flushed at least once with 1 ml of water.

Status epilepticus
Status epilepticus cases have been observed during treatment with rufinamide in clinical development studies, whereas no such cases were observed with placebo. These events led to rufinamide discontinuation in 20% of the cases. If patients develop new seizure types and/or experience an increased frequency of status epilepticus that is different from the patient's baseline condition, then the benefit-risk ratio of the therapy should be reassessed.
Withdrawal of rufinamide
Rufinamide should be withdrawn gradually to reduce the possibility of seizures on withdrawal. In clinical studies discontinuation was achieved by reducing the dose by approximately 25% every two days. There are insufficient data on the withdrawal of concomitant antiepileptic medicinal products once seizure control has been achieved with the addition of rufinamide.
Central Nervous System reactions
Rufinamide treatment has been associated with dizziness, somnolence, ataxia and gait disturbances, which could increase the occurrence of accidental falls in this population (see section 4.8). Patients and carers should exercise caution until they are familiar with the potential effects of this medicinal product.
Hypersensitivity reactions
Serious antiepileptic medicinal product hypersensitivity syndrome including DRESS (Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms) and Stevens-Johnson syndrome have occurred in association with rufinamide therapy. Signs and symptoms of this disorder were diverse; however, patients typically, although not exclusively, presented with fever and rash associated with other organ system involvement. Other associated manifestations included lymphadenopathy, liver function tests abnormalities, and haematuria. As the disorder is variable in its expression, other organ system signs and symptoms not noted here may occur. The antiepileptic drug (AED) hypersensitivity syndrome occurred in close temporal association to the initiation of rufinamide therapy and in the paediatric population. If this reaction is suspected, rufinamide should be discontinued and alternative treatment started. All patients who develop a rash while taking rufinamide must be closely monitored.

QT shortening
In a thorough QT study, rufinamide produced a decrease in QTc interval proportional to concentration. Although the underlying mechanism and safety relevance of this finding is not known, clinicians should use clinical judgment when assessing whether to prescribe rufinamide to patients at risk from further shortening their QTc duration (e.g., Congenital Short QT Syndrome or patients with a family history of such a syndrome).
Women of childbearing potential
Women of childbearing potential must use contraceptive measures during treatment with rufinamide. Physicians should try to ensure that appropriate contraception is used, and should use clinical judgement when assessing whether oral contraceptives, or the doses of the oral contraceptive components, are adequate, based on the individual patients clinical situation (see sections 4.5 and 4.6).
Parahydroxybenzoates
Rufinamide oral suspension contains parahydroxybenzoates which may cause allergic reactions (possibly delayed).
Sorbitol
Rufinamide oral suspension also contains sorbitol and, therefore, should not be administered to patients with rare hereditary problems of fructose intolerance.
Suicidal ideation
Suicidal ideation and behaviour have been reported in patients treated with antiepileptic agents in several indications. A meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trials of anti-epileptic medicinal products has also shown a small increased risk of suicidal ideation and behaviour. The mechanism of this risk is not known and the available data do not exclude the possibility of an increased risk for Rufinamide
Therefore patients should be monitored for signs of suicidal ideation and behaviours and appropriate treatment should be considered. Patients (and caregivers of patients) should be advised to seek medical advice should signs of suicidal ideation or behaviour emerge.

Potential for other medicinal products to affect rufinamide
Other antiepileptic medicinal products
Rufinamide concentrations are not subject to clinically relevant changes on co-administration with known enzyme inducing antiepileptic medicinal products.
For patients on Rufinamide treatment who have administration of valproate initiated, significant increases in rufinamide plasma concentrations may occur. Therefore, consideration should be given to a dose reduction of Rufinamide in patients who are initiated on valproate therapy (see section 4.2).
The addition or withdrawal of these medicinal products or adjusting of the dose of these medicinal products during rufinamide therapy may require an adjustment in dosage of rufinamide (see section 4.2).
No significant changes in rufinamide concentration are observed following co-administration with lamotrigine, topiramate or benzodiazepines.
Potential for rufinamide to affect other medicinal products
Other antiepileptic medicinal products
The pharmacokinetic interactions between rufinamide and other antiepileptic medicinal products have been evaluated in patients with epilepsy, using population pharmacokinetic modelling. Rufinamide appears not to have a clinically relevant effect on carbamazepine, lamotrigine, phenobarbital, topiramate, phenytoin or valproate steady state concentrations.
Oral contraceptives
Co-administration of rufinamide 800 mg twice daily and a combined oral contraceptive (ethinyloestradiol 35 μg and norethindrone 1 mg) for 14 days resulted in a mean decrease in the ethinyl estradiol AUC0-24 of 22% and in norethindrone AUC0-24 of 14%. Studies with other oral or implant contraceptives have not been conducted. Women of child-bearing potential using hormonal contraceptives are advised Cytochrome P450 enzymes
Rufinamide is metabolised by hydrolysis, and is not metabolised to any notable degree by cytochrome P450 enzymes. Furthermore, rufinamide does not inhibit the activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes (see section 5.2). Thus, clinically significant interactions mediated through inhibition of cytochrome P450 system by rufinamide are unlikely to occur. Rufinamide has been shown to induce the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP3A4 and may therefore reduce the plasma concentrations of substances which are metabolised by this enzyme. The effect was modest to moderate. The mean CYP3A4 activity, assessed as clearance of triazolam, was increased by 55% after 11 days of treatment with rufinamide 400 mg twice daily. The exposure of triazolam was reduced by 36%. Higher rufinamide doses may result in a more pronounced induction. It may not be excluded that rufinamide may also decrease the exposure of substances metabolised by other enzymes, or transported by transport proteins such as P-glycoprotein.
It is recommended that patients treated with substances that are metabolised by the CYP3A4 enzyme system are to be carefully monitored for two weeks at the start of, or after the end of treatment with rufinamide, or after any marked change in the dose. A dose adjustment of the concomitantly administered medicinal product may need to be considered. These recommendations should also be considered when rufinamide is used concomitantly with substances with a narrow therapeutic window such as warfarin and digoxin.
A specific interaction study in healthy subjects revealed no influence of rufinamide at a dose of 400 mg twice daily on the pharmacokinetics of olanzapine, a CYP1A2 substrate.
No data on the interaction of rufinamide with alcohol are available.

Pregnancy
Risk related to epilepsy and antiepileptic medicinal products in general:
It has been shown that in the offspring of women with epilepsy, the prevalence of malformations is two to three times greater than the rate of approximately 3% in the general population. In the treated population, an increase in malformations has been noted with polytherapy; however, the extent to which the treatment and/or the illness is responsible has not been elucidated. Moreover, effective antiepileptic therapy should not be interrupted abruptly, since the aggravation of the illness is detrimental to both the mother and the foetus. AED treatment during pregnancy should be carefully discussed with the treating physician.
Risk related to rufinamide:
Studies in animals revealed no teratogenic effect, but foetotoxicity in the presence of maternal toxicity was observed (see section 5.3). The potential risk for humans is unknown.
For rufinamide, no clinical data on exposed pregnancies are available.
Taking these data into consideration, rufinamide should not be used during pregnancy, or in women of childbearing age not using contraceptive measures, unless clearly necessary.
Women of childbearing potential must use contraceptive measures during treatment with rufinamide. Physicians should try to ensure that appropriate contraception is used, and should use clinical judgement when assessing whether oral contraceptives, or the doses of the oral contraceptive components, are adequate based on the individual patients clinical situation (see sections 4.4 and 4.5).
If women treated with rufinamide plan to become pregnant, the continued use of this product should be carefully weighed. During pregnancy, interruption of an effective antiepileptic can be detrimental to both the mother and the foetus if it results in aggravation of the illness.
Breast-feeding
It is not known if rufinamide is excreted in human breast milk. Due to the potential harmful effects for the breast-fed infant, breast-feeding should be avoided during maternal treatment with rufinamide.
Fertility
No data are available on the effects on fertility following treatment with rufinamide.

Rufinamide may cause dizziness, somnolence and blurred vision. Depending on the individual sensitivity, rufinamide may have a minor to major influence on the ability to drive and use machines. Patients must be advised to exercise caution during activities requiring a high degree of alertness, e.g., driving or operating machinery. 

Summary of the safety profile
The clinical development program has included over 1,900 patients, with different types of epilepsy, exposed to rufinamide. The most commonly reported adverse reactions overall were headache, dizziness, fatigue, and somnolence. The most common adverse reactions observed at a higher incidence than placebo in patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome were somnolence and vomiting. Adverse reactions were usually mild to moderate in severity. The discontinuation rate in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome due to adverse reactions was 8.2% for patients receiving rufinamide and 0% for patients receiving placebo. The most common adverse reactions resulting in discontinuation from the rufinamide treatment group were rash and vomiting.
Tabulated list of adverse reactions
Adverse reactions reported with an incidence greater than placebo, during the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome double-blind studies or in the overall rufinamide-exposed population, are listed in the table below by MedDRA preferred term, system organ class and by frequency.
Frequencies are defined as: very common (≥ 1/10), common (≥ 1/100 to < 1/10), uncommon (≥ 1/1,000 to < 1/100), rare (≥ 1/10,000 to < 1/1,000).
System Organ Class
Very Common
Common
Uncommon
Rare
Infections and infestations
Pneumonia
Influenza
Nasopharyngitis
Ear infection
Sinusitis
Rhinitis
Immune system disorders
Hypersensitivity*
Metabolism and
Anorexia

nutrition disorders
Eating disorder
Decreased appetite
Psychiatric disorders
Anxiety
Insomnia
Nervous system disorders
Somnolence*
Headache
Dizziness*
Status epilepticus*
Convulsion
Coordination Abnormal*
Nystagmus
Psychomotor hyperactivity
Tremor
Eye Disorders
Diplopia
Vision blurred
Ear and Labyrinth disorders
Vertigo
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
Epistaxis
Gastrointestinal disorders
Nausea
Vomiting
Abdominal pain upper
Constipation
Dyspepsia
Diarrhoea
Hepatobiliary disorders
Hepatic enzyme increase
Skin and
Rash*

subcutaneous tissue disorders
Acne
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue and bone disorders
Back pain
Reproductive system and breast disorders
Oligomenorrhoea
General disorders and administration site conditions
Fatigue
Gait disturbance*
Investigations
Weight decrease
Injury, poisoning and procedural complications
Head injury
Contusion
*Cross reference to section 4.4.
Additional information on special populations
Paediatric Population (age 1 to less than 4 years)
In a multicentre, open-label study comparing the addition of rufinamide to any other AED of the investigator's choice to the existing regimen of 1 to 3 AEDs in paediatric patients, 1 to less than 4 years of age with inadequately controlled LGS, 25 patients, of which 10 subjects were aged 1 to 2 years, were exposed to rufinamide as adjunctive therapy for 24 weeks at a dose of up to 45 mg/kg/day, in 2 divided doses. The most frequently reported TEAEs in the rufinamide treatment group (occurring in ≥ 10% of subjects) were upper respiratory tract infection and vomiting (28.0% each), pneumonia and somnolence (20.0% each), sinusitis, otitis media, diarrhoea, cough and pyrexia (16.0% each), and bronchitis, constipation, nasal congestion, rash, irritability and decreased appetite (12.0% each). The frequency, type and severity of these adverse reactions were similar to that in children 4 years of age and older, adolescents and adults. Age characterisation in patients less than 4 years was not identified in the limited safety database due to small number of patients in the study.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions (see details below)
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

• Saudi Arabia:
o Other GCC States:
Please contact the relevant competent authority.

The National Pharmacovigilance and Drug Safety Centre (NPC)
o Fax: +966-11-205-7662
o Call NPC at +966-11-2038222, Exts: 2317-2356-2353-2354-2334-2340.
o Toll free phone: 8002490000
o E-mail: npc.drug@sfda.gov.sa
o Website: www.sfda.gov.sa/npc

After an acute overdose, the stomach may be emptied by gastric lavage or by induction of emesis. There is no specific antidote for rufinamide. Treatment should be supportive and may include haemodialysis (see section 5.2).
Multiple dosing of 7,200 mg/day was associated with no major signs or symptoms.

Pharmacotherapeutic group: antiepileptics, carboxamide derivatives; ATC code: N03AF03.
Mechanism of action
Rufinamide modulates the activity of sodium channels, prolonging their inactive state. Rufinamide is active in a range of animal models of epilepsy.
Clinical experience
Rufzel (rufinamide tablets) was administered in a double blind, placebo-controlled study, at doses of up to 45 mg/kg/day for 84 days, to 139 patients with inadequately controlled seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome (including both atypical absence seizures and drop attacks). Male and female patients (between 4 and 30 years of age) were eligible if they had a history of multiple seizure types, which had to include atypical absence seizures and drop attacks (i.e., tonic–atonic or astatic seizures); were being treated with 1 to 3 concomitant fixed dose antiepileptic medicinal products; a minimum of 90 seizures in the month before the 28-day baseline period; an EEG within 6 months of study entry demonstrating a pattern of slow spike-and-wave complexes (2.5 Hz); a weight of at least 18 kg; and a CT scan or MRI study confirming the absence of a progressive lesion. All seizures were classified according to the International League Against Epilepsy Revised Classification of Seizures. As it is difficult for caregivers to precisely separate tonic and atonic seizures, the international expert panel of child neurologists agreed to group these seizure types and call them tonic–atonic seizures or “drop attacks”. As such, drop attacks were used as one of the primary end points. A significant improvement was observed for all three primary variables: the percentage change in total seizure frequency per 28 days during the maintenance phase relative to baseline (-35.8% on Rufzel vs. –1.6% on placebo, p=0.0006), the number of tonic-atonic seizures (-42.9% on Rufzel vs. 2.2% on placebo, p=0.0002), and the seizure severity rating from the Global Evaluation performed by the parent/guardian at the end of the double-blind phase (much or very much improved in 32.2% on Rufzel vs. 14.5% on the placebo arm, p=0.0041).
Additionally, Rufzel (rufinamide oral suspension) was administered in a multicentre, open-label study comparing the addition of rufinamide to the addition of any other AED of the investigator's choice to the existing regimen of 1 to 3 AEDs in paediatric patients, 1 to less than 4 years of age with inadequately controlled LGS. In this study, 25 patients were exposed to rufinamide as adjunctive therapy for 24 weeks at a dose of up to 45 mg/kg/day, in 2 divided doses. A total of 12 patients received any-other AED at the investigator's discretion in the control arm. The study was mainly designed for safety and not adequately powered to show a difference with regards to the seizure efficacy variables. The adverse event profile was similar to that in children 4 years of age and older, adolescents, and adults. In addition, the study investigated the cognitive development, behaviour and language development of subjects treated with rufinamide compared to subjects receiving any-other-AED. The Least Square mean change of the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) Total Problems score after 2 years of treatment were 53.75 for the any other AED group and 56.35 for the rufinamide group (LS mean difference [95% CI] +2.60 [-10.5,15.7]; p=0.6928), and the difference between treatments was -2.776 (95% CI: -13.3, 7.8, p=0.5939).
Population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling demonstrated that the reduction of total and tonic-atonic seizure frequencies, the improvement of the global evaluation of seizure severity and the increase in probability of reduction of seizure frequency were dependent on rufinamide concentrations.

Absorption
Maximum plasma levels are reached approximately 6 hours after administration. Peak concentration (Cmax) and plasma AUC of rufinamide increase less than proportionally with doses in both fasted and fed healthy subjects and in patients, probably due to dose-limited absorption behaviour. After single doses, food increases the bioavailability (AUC) of rufinamide by approximately 34% and the peak plasma concentration by 56%.
Rufinamide oral suspension and Rufinamide film-coated tablets have been demonstrated to be bioequivalent.
Distribution
In in vitro studies, only a small fraction of rufinamide (34%) was bound to human serum proteins with albumin accounting for approximately 80% of this binding. This indicates minimal risk of  drug-drug interactions by displacement from binding sites during concomitant administration of other substances. Rufinamide was evenly distributed between erythrocytes and plasma.
Biotransformation
Rufinamide is almost exclusively eliminated by metabolism. The main pathway of metabolism is hydrolysis of the carboxylamide group to the pharmacologically inactive acid derivative CGP 47292. Cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism is very minor. The formation of small amounts of glutathione conjugates cannot be completely excluded.
Rufinamide has demonstrated little or no significant capacity in vitro to act as a competitive or mechanism-based inhibitor of the following human P450 enzymes: CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, CYP3A4/5 or CYP4A9/11-2.
Elimination
The plasma elimination half-life is approximately 6-10 hours in healthy subjects and patients with epilepsy. When given twice daily at 12-hourly intervals, rufinamide accumulates to the extent predicted by its terminal half-life, indicating that the pharmacokinetics of rufinamide are time-independent (i.e. no autoinduction of metabolism).
In a radiotracer study in three healthy volunteers, the parent compound (rufinamide) was the main radioactive component in plasma, representing about 80% of the total radioactivity, and the metabolite CGP 47292 constituting only about 15%. Renal excretion was the predominant route of elimination for active substance related material, accounting for 84.7% of the dose.
Linearity/non-linearity
The bioavailability of rufinamide is dependent on dose. As dose increases, the bioavailability decreases.
Pharmacokinetics in special patient groups
Sex
Population pharmacokinetic modelling has been used to evaluate the influence of sex on the pharmacokinetics of rufinamide. Such evaluations indicate that sex does not affect the pharmacokinetics of rufinamide to a clinically relevant extent.
Renal impairment 

The pharmacokinetics of a single 400 mg dose of rufinamide were not altered in subjects with chronic and severe renal failure compared to healthy volunteers. However, plasma levels were reduced by approximately 30% when haemodialysis was applied after administration of rufinamide, suggesting that this may be a useful procedure in case of overdose (see sections 4.2 and 4.9).
Hepatic impairment
No studies have been performed in patients with hepatic impairment and therefore rufinamide should not be administered to patients with severe hepatic impairment (see section 4.2).
Elderly
A pharmacokinetic study in older healthy volunteers did not show a significant difference in pharmacokinetic parameters compared with younger adults.
Children (1-12 years)
Children generally have lower clearance of rufinamide than adults, and this difference is related to body size with rufinamide clearance increasing with body weight.
A recent population PK analysis of rufinamide on data pooled from 139 subjects (115 LGS patients and 24 healthy subjects), including 83 paediatric LGS patients (10 patients aged 1 to < 2 years, 14 patients aged 2 to < 4 years, 14 patients aged 4 to < 8 years, 21 patients aged 8 to < 12 years and 24 patients aged 12 to < 18 years) indicated that when rufinamide is dosed on a mg/kg/day basis in LGS subjects aged 1 to < 4 years, comparable exposure to that in LGS patients aged ≥ 4 years, in which efficacy has been demostrated, is achieved.
Studies in new-born infants or infants and toddlers under 1 year of age have not been conducted.

Conventional safety pharmacology studies revealed no special hazards at clinically relevant doses.
Toxicities observed in dogs at levels similar to human exposure at the maximum recommended dose were liver changes, including bile thrombi, cholestasis and liver enzyme elevations thought to be related to increased bile secretion in this species. No evidence of an associated risk was identified in the rat and monkey repeat dose toxicity studies. In reproductive and developmental toxicity studies, there were reductions in foetal growth and survival, and some stillbirths secondary to maternal toxicity. However, no effects on morphology and function, including learning or memory, were observed in the offspring. Rufinamide was not teratogenic in mice, rats or rabbits.
The toxicity profile of rufinamide in juvenile animals was similar to that in adult animals. Decreased body weight gain was observed in both juvenile and adult rats and dogs. Mild toxicity in the liver was observed in juvenile as well as in adult animals at exposure levels lower than or similar to those reached in patients. Reversibility of all findings was demonstrated after stopping treatment.
Rufinamide was not genotoxic and had no carcinogenic potential. An adverse effect not observed in clinical studies, but seen in animals at exposure levels similar to clinical exposure levels and with possible relevance to human use, was myelofibrosis of the bone marrow in the mouse carcinogenicity study. Benign bone neoplasms (osteomas) and hyperostosis seen in mice were considered a result of the activation of a mouse specific virus by fluoride ions released during the oxidative metabolism of rufinamide.
Regarding the immunotoxic potential, small thymus and thymic involution were observed in dogs in a 13-week study with significant response at the high dose in male. In the 13-week study, female bone marrow and lymphoid changes are reported at the high dose with a weak incidence. In rats, decreased cellularity of the bone marrow and thymic atrophy were observed only in the carcinogenicity study.
Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA):
Environmental risk assessment studies have shown that rufinamide is very persistent in the environment (see section 6.6).

Rufinamide Oral Suspension 40mg/mL
The other ingredients are: Microcrystalline cellulose and Carboxymethylcellulose sodium, Simethicone Emulsion 30%, Poloxamer, Hydroxyethyl cellulose, Noncrystallizing Sorbitol solution 70%, Potassium Sorbate, Propylene glycol, Methylparaben, Propylparaben, Anhydrous Citric Acid, Orange 051941A and Purified Water.

Not applicable

Store below 30⁰C

Pack Size: 460 mL in Amber PET Bottle Pack.
Container: Amber color PET bottle 16 oz with 24 mm Neck
Closure: Child resistant plastic caps with Expanded PE wad, 24 mm
Oral Dosing Syringe: 20 mL Polypropylene Oral Dosing Syringe With Adapter (2 no’s Syringes and 1 no. Adapter) (1 to 20mL Markings)

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