Parenteral nutrition for adults and children aged 2 years and above when oral or enteral nutrition is impossible, insufficient or contraindicated

Posology

The appearance of the product after mixing the 3 chambers is a white emulsion.

The patient’s ability to eliminate lipids and metabolise nitrogen and glucose, and the nutritional requirements should govern the dosage and infusion rate, see section 4.4.

The dose should be individualised to the patient’s clinical condition, body weight (bw), nutritional and energy requirements, adjusting dosage based upon additional oral/enteral intake.

The nitrogen requirements for maintenance of body protein mass depend on the patient’s condition (e.g. nutritional state and degree of catabolic stress or anabolism).

Adults

The requirements are 0.10-0.15 g nitrogen/kg bw/day (0.6-0.9 g amino acids/kg bw/day) in the normal nutritional state or in conditions with mild catabolic stress. In patients with moderate to high metabolic stress with or without malnutrition, the requirements are in the range of 0.15-0.25 g nitrogen/kg bw/day (0.9-1.6 g amino acids/kg bw/day). In some very special conditions (e.g. burns or marked anabolism) the nitrogen need may be even higher.

Dosage:

The dosage range of 13-31 ml SmofKabiven extra Nitrogen/kg bw/day corresponds to 0.14-0.32 g nitrogen/kg bw/day (0.85-2.0 g amino acids/kg bw/day) and 12-28 kcal/kg bw/day of total energy (8-19 kcal/kg bw/day of non-protein energy). This covers the need of the majority of the patients. In obese patients the dose should be based on the estimated ideal weight.
 

Infusion rate:

The maximum infusion rate for glucose is 0.25 g/kg bw/h, for amino acid 0.1 g/kg bw/h, and for lipids 0.15 g/kg bw/h.

The infusion rate should not exceed 1.5 ml/kg bw/h (corresponding to 0.13 g glucose, 0.10 g amino acids, and 0.04 g lipids/kg bw/h). The recommended infusion period is 14-24 hours.

Maximum daily dose:

The maximum daily dose varies with the clinical condition of the patient and may even change from day to day. The recommended maximum daily dose is 31 ml/kg bw/day.

The recommended maximum daily dose of 31 ml/kg bw/day will provide 2.0 g amino acids/kg bw/day (corresponding to 0.32 g nitrogen/kg bw/day), 2.6 g glucose/kg bw/day, 0.9 g lipids/kg bw/day and a total energy content of 28 kcal/kg bw/day (corresponding to 19 kcal/kg bw/day of non-protein energy).

Paediatric population

Children (2-11 years)

Dosage:

The dose up to 31 ml/kg bw/day should be regularly adjusted to the requirements of the paediatric patient that varies more than in adult patients.

Infusion rate:

The recommended maximum infusion rate is 1.8 ml/kg bw/h (corresponding to 0.12 g amino acids/kg/h, 0.15 g/glucose/kg/h and 0.05 g lipids/kg/h). At the recommended maximum infusion rate, do not use an infusion period longer than 17 hours, except in exceptional cases and with careful monitoring.

The recommended infusion period is 12-24 hours.

Maximum daily dose:

The maximum daily dose varies with the clinical condition of the patient and may even change from day to day. The recommended maximum daily dose is 31 ml/kg bw/day.

The recommended maximum daily dose of 31 ml/kg bw/day will provide 2 g amino acids/kg bw/day (corresponding to 0.32 g nitrogen/kg bw/day), 2.6 g glucose/kg bw/day, 0.9 g lipids/kg bw/day and a total energy content of 28 kcal/kg bw/day (corresponding to 19 kcal/kg bw/day of non-protein energy).

Adolescents (12-16/18 years)

In adolescents, SmofKabiven extra Nitrogen can be used as in adults.

Method of administration

Intravenous use, infusion into a central vein.

The five different package sizes of SmofKabiven extra Nitrogen are intended for patients with high, moderately increased or basal nutritional requirements. To provide total parenteral nutrition, trace elements, vitamins and possibly electrolytes (taking into account the electrolytes already present in SmofKabiven) should be added to SmofKabiven extra Nitrogen according to the patients need.

For instructions on preparation of the medicinal product before administration, see section 6.6.

The capacity to eliminate lipids is individual and should therefore be monitored according to the routines of the clinician. This is in general done by checking the triglyceride levels. The concentration of triglycerides in serum should not exceed 4 mmol/l during infusion. An overdose may lead to fat overload syndrome, see section 4.8.

SmofKabiven extra Nitrogen should be given with caution in conditions of impaired lipid metabolism, which may occur in patients with renal failure, diabetes mellitus, pancreatitis, impaired liver function, hypothyroidism and sepsis.

This medicinal product contains soya-bean oil, fish oil and egg phospholipids, which may rarely cause allergic reactions. Cross allergic reaction has been observed between soya-bean and peanut.

To avoid risks associated with too rapid infusion rates, it is recommended to use a continuous and well-controlled infusion, if possible by using a volumetric pump.

Disturbances of the electrolyte and fluid balance (e.g. abnormally high or low serum levels of the electrolytes) should be corrected before starting the infusion.

SmofKabiven extra Nitrogen should be given with caution to patients with a tendency towards electrolyte retention. Special clinical monitoring is required at the beginning of any intravenous infusion. Should any abnormal sign occur, the infusion must be stopped.

Since an increased risk of infection is associated with the use of any central vein, strict aseptic precautions should be taken to avoid any contamination during catheter insertion and manipulation.

Serum glucose, electrolytes and osmolarity as well as fluid balance, acid-base status and liver enzyme tests should be monitored.

Blood cell count and coagulation should be monitored when lipids are given for a longer period.

In patients with renal insufficiency, the phosphate and potassium intake should be carefully controlled to prevent hyperphosphatemia and hyperkalaemia.

The amount of individual electrolytes to be added is governed by the clinical condition of the patient and by frequent monitoring of serum levels.

Parenteral nutrition should be given with caution in lactic acidosis, insufficient cellular oxygen supply and increased serum osmolarity.

Any sign or symptom of anaphylactic reaction (such as fever, shivering, rash or dyspnoea) should lead to immediate interruption of the infusion.

The lipid content of SmofKabiven extra Nitrogen may interfere with certain laboratory measurements (e.g. bilirubin, lactate dehydrogenase, oxygen saturation, hemoglobin) if blood is sampled before lipids have been adequately cleared from the bloodstream. Lipids are cleared after a lipid-free interval of 5‑6 hours in most patients.

Intravenous infusion of amino acids is accompanied by increased urinary excretion of the trace elements, in particular copper and zinc. This should be considered in the dosing of trace elements, especially during long-term intravenous nutrition. Amounts of zinc administered with SmofKabiven extra Nitrogen should be taken into account.

In malnourished patients, initiation of parenteral nutrition can precipitate fluid shifts resulting in pulmonary oedema and congestive heart failure as well as a decrease in the serum concentration of potassium, phosphorus, magnesium and water soluble vitamins. These changes can occur within 24 to 48 hours, therefore careful and slow initiation of parenteral nutrition is recommended in this patient group, together with close monitoring and appropriate adjustments of fluid, electrolytes, minerals and vitamins.

SmofKabiven extra Nitrogen should not be given simultaneously with blood in the same infusion set due to the risk of pseudoagglutination.

In patients with hyperglycaemia, administration of exogenous insulin might be necessary.

SmofKabiven extra Nitrogen is a preparation of complex composition. It is, therefore, strongly advisable not to add other solutions if compatibility is not proven (see section 6.2).

Paediatric population

Due to composition of the amino acid solution in SmofKabiven extra Nitrogen it is not suitable for the use in new-borns or infants below 2 years of age. There is no clinical experience of the use of SmofKabiven extra Nitrogen in children and adolescents (age 2  to 16/18 years).

Some medicinal products, like insulin, may interfere with the body’s lipase system. This kind of interaction seems, however, to be of limited clinical importance.

Heparin given in clinical doses causes a transient release of lipoprotein lipase into the circulation. This may result initially in increased plasma lipolysis followed by a transient decrease in triglyceride clearance.

Soya-bean oil has a natural content of vitamin K₁. However, the concentration in SmofKabiven extra Nitrogen is so low that it is not expected to significantly influence the coagulation process in patients treated with coumarin derivatives.

There are no data available on exposure of SmofKabiven extra Nitrogen in pregnant or breast-feeding women. There are no studies available on reproductive toxicity in animals. Parenteral nutrition may become necessary during pregnancy and lactation. SmofKabiven extra Nitrogen, should only be given to pregnant and breast-feeding women after careful consideration.

Not relevant.

Should these side-effects occur the infusion of SmofKabiven extra Nitrogen should be stopped or, if necessary, continued at a reduced dosage.

Fat overload syndrome

Impaired capacity to eliminate triglycerides can lead to “Fat overload syndrome” which may be caused by overdose. Possible signs of metabolic overload must be observed. The cause may be genetic (individually different metabolism) or the lipid metabolism may be affected by ongoing or previous illnesses. This syndrome may also appear during severe hypertriglyceridemia, even at the recommended infusion rate, and in association with a sudden change in the patient’s clinical condition, such as renal function impairment or infection. The fat overload syndrome is characterised by hyperlipemia, fever, lipid infiltration, hepatomegaly with or without icterus, splenomegaly, anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, coagulation disorder, hemolysis and reticulocytosis, abnormal liver function tests and coma. The symptoms are usually reversible if the infusion of the lipid emulsion is discontinued.

Excess of amino acid infusion

As with other amino acid solutions, the amino acid content in SmofKabiven extra Nitrogen may cause undesirable effects when the recommended infusion rate is exceeded. These effects are nausea, vomiting, shivering and sweating. Amino acid infusion may also cause a rise in body temperature. With an impaired renal function, increased levels of nitrogen containing metabolites (e.g. creatinine, urea) may occur.

Excess of glucose infusion

If the glucose clearance capacity of the patient is exceeded, hyperglycaemia will develop.

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the national reporting system

- To reports any side effect(s):

· Saudi Arabia:

Other GCC States:

·

See section 4.8 “Fat overload syndrome”, “Excess of amino acid infusion” and “Excess of glucose infusion”.

If symptoms of overdose of lipids or amino acids occur, the infusion should be slowed down or discontinued. There is no specific antidote for overdose. Emergency procedures should be general supportive measures, with particular attention to respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Close biochemical monitoring would be essential and specific abnormalities treated appropriately.

If hyperglycaemia occurs, it should be treated according to the clinical situation either by appropriate insulin administration and/or adjustment of the infusion rate.

Additionally, overdose might cause fluid overload, electrolyte imbalances and hyperosmolality.

In some rare serious cases, haemodialysis, haemofiltration or haemodiafiltration may be considered.

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Solutions for parenteral nutrition.

ATC code: B05BA10

Lipid emulsion

The lipid emulsion of SmofKabiven extra Nitrogen is composed of Smoflipid and has a particle size and biological properties similar to those of endogenous chylomicrons. The constituents of Smoflipid (soya-bean oil, medium-chain triglycerides, olive oil and fish oil) have except for their energy contents their own pharmacodynamic properties.

Soya-bean oil has a high content of essential fatty acids. The omega-6 fatty acid linoleic acid is the most abundant (approx. 55-60 %). Alpha-linolenic acid, an omega-3 fatty acid, constitutes about 8 %. This part of SmofKabiven extra Nitrogen provides the necessary amount of essential fatty acids.

Medium-chain fatty acids are rapidly oxidised and provide the body with a form of immediately available energy.

Olive oil mainly provides energy in the form of mono-unsaturated fatty acids, which are much less prone to peroxidation than the corresponding amount of poly-unsaturated fatty acids.

Fish oil is characterised by a high content of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). DHA is an important structural component of cell membranes, whereas EPA is a precursor of eicosanoids as prostaglandines, thromboxanes and leukotrienes.

Two studies providing home parenteral nutrition in patients in need of long-term nutrition support have been performed. The primary objective in both studies was to show safety. Efficacy was the secondary objective in one of the studies, which was done in paediatric patients. This study was stratified by age groups (1 month - <2 years, and 2-11 years respectively). Both studies showed that Smoflipid has the same safety profile as the comparator (Intralipid 20 %). Efficacy in the paediatric study was measured by weight gain, height, body mass index, pre-albumin, retinol binding protein and fatty acid profile. There was no difference between the groups in any of the parameters except the fatty acid profile after 4 weeks treatment. The fatty acid profile in the Smoflipid patients revealed an increase in omega-3 fatty acids in plasma lipoproteins and red blood cells phospholipids and hence reflects the composition of the infused lipid emulsion.

Amino acids and electrolytes

The amino acids, constituents of protein in ordinary food, are utilised for tissue protein synthesis and any surplus is channelled to a number of metabolic pathways. Studies have shown a thermogenic effect of amino acid infusion.

Glucose

Glucose should have no pharmacodynamic effects apart from contributing to maintain or replete the normal nutritional status.

Lipid emulsion

The individual triglycerides in Smoflipid have different clearance rate but Smoflipid as a mixture is eliminated faster than long chain triglycerides (LCT). Olive oil has the slowest clearance rate of the components (somewhat slower than LCT) and medium chain triglycerides (MCT) the fastest. Fish oil in a mixture with LCT has the same clearance rate as LCT alone.

Amino acids and electrolytes

The principal pharmacokinetic properties of the infused amino acids and electrolytes are essentially the same as for amino acids and electrolytes supplied by ordinary food. However, the amino acids of dietary protein first enter the portal vein and then the systemic circulation, while intravenously infused amino acids reach the systemic circulation directly.

Glucose

The pharmacokinetic properties of infused glucose are essentially the same as those of glucose supplied by ordinary food.

Preclinical safety studies with SmofKabiven extra Nitrogen have not been performed. However, preclinical data for Smoflipid as well as amino acid and glucose solutions of various concentrations and sodium glycerophosphate reveal no special hazard for humans based on conventional studies of safety pharmacology, repeated dose toxicity and genotoxicity. No teratogenic effects or other embryotoxic injuries could be observed in rabbits with amino acid solutions and are not to be expected from lipid emulsions and sodium glycerophosphate when giving at the recommended doses as substitution therapy. Nutritional products (amino acid solutions, lipid emulsions, and sodium glycerophosphate) used in replacement therapy at physiological levels are not expected to be embryotoxic, teratogenic, or to influence reproductive performance or fertility.

In a test on guinea pigs (maximisation test) fish oil emulsion showed moderate dermal sensitisation. A systemic antigenicity test gave no indication of evidence of anaphylactic potential of fish oil.

SmofKabiven intravenous infusion (the intended route of administration), as well as intraarterial, intramuscular, paravenous and subcutaneous injections did not reveal any drug substance-related changes in rabbits. SmofKabiven is a product with the same qualitative composition as SmofKabiven extra Nitrogen.

Glycerol

Purified egg phospholipids

all-rac-α-Tocopherol

Sodium hydroxide (pH adjuster)

Sodium oleate

Acetic acid, glacial (pH adjuster)

Hydrochloric acid (pH adjuster)

Water for injections

SmofKabiven extra Nitrogen may only be mixed with other medicinal products for which compatibility has been documented, see section 6.6.

Do not store above 25°C. Do not freeze. Store in overpouch.

Shelf life after mixing: See section 6.3.

Shelf life after mixing with additives: See section 6.3.

The container consists of a multichamber inner bag and an overpouch. The inner bag is separated into three chambers by peelable seals. An oxygen absorber is placed between the inner bag and the overpouch.  The inner bag is made of a multilayer polymer film, Biofine.

The Biofine inner bag film consists of poly(propylene-co-ethylene), synthetic rubber poly[styrene-block-(butylene-co-ethylene)] (SEBS) and synthetic rubber poly(styrene-block-isoprene) (SIS). The infusion and additive ports are made of polypropylene and synthetic rubber poly[styrene-block-(butylene-co-ethylene)] (SEBS) equipped with synthetic polyisoprene (latex-free) stoppers. The blind port, which is only used during manufacturing, is made of polypropylene equipped with a synthetic polyisoprene (latex-free) stopper.

Pack sizes:

1 x 506 ml, 6 x 506 ml

1 x 1012 ml, 4 x 1012 ml

1 x 1518 ml, 4 x 1518 ml

1 x 2025 ml, 4 x 2025 ml

1 x 2531 ml, 3 x 2531 ml

Not all pack sizes may be marketed.

Instructions for use

Do not use if package is damaged. Use only if the amino acid and glucose solutions are clear and colourless or slightly yellow and the lipid emulsion is white and homogenous. The contents of the three separate chambers have to be mixed before use, and before any additions are made via the additive port.

After separation of the peelable seals the bag should be inverted on a number of occasions to ensure a homogenous mixture, which does not show any evidence of phase separation.

Compatibility

Compatibility data are available with the named branded products Dipeptiven, Addaven, Vitalipid N Adult and Soluvit N (lyophilized) in defined amounts and generics of electrolytes in defined concentrations. When making electrolyte additions, the amounts already present in the bag should be taken into account to meet the clinical needs of the patient. Generated data supports additions to the activated bag according to the summary table below:

Note: This table is intended to indicate compatibility. It is not a dosing guideline.

Addition should be made aseptically.

For single use only. Any mixture remaining after infusion must be discarded.

Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed in accordance with local requirement.