Atectura Breezhaler is indicated as a maintenance treatment of asthma in adults and adolescents 12 years of age and older not adequately controlled with inhaled corticosteroids and inhaled short‑acting beta₂‑agonists.

Posology

Adults and adolescents aged 12 years and over

The recommended dose is one capsule to be inhaled once daily.

Patients should be given the strength containing the appropriate mometasone furoate dosage for the severity of their disease and should be regularly reassessed by a healthcare professional.

The maximum recommended dose is 125 mcg/260 mcg once daily.

Treatment should be administered at the same time of the day each day. It can be administered irrespective of the time of the day. If a dose is missed, it should be taken as soon as possible. Patients should be instructed not to take more than one dose in a day.

Special populations

Elderly population

No dose adjustment is required in elderly patients (65 years of age or older) (see section 5.2).

Renal impairment

No dose adjustment is required in patients with renal impairment (see section 5.2).

Hepatic impairment

No dose adjustment is required in patients with mild or moderate hepatic impairment. No data are available for the use of the medicinal product in patients with severe hepatic impairment, therefore it should be used in these patients only if the expected benefit outweighs the potential risk (see section 5.2).

Paediatric population

The posology in patients 12 years of age and older is the same posology as in adults. The safety and efficacy in paediatric patients below 12 years of age have not been established. No data are available.

Method of administration

For inhalation use only. The capsules must not be swallowed.

The capsules must be administered only using the inhaler provided (see section 6.6) with each new prescription.

Patients should be instructed on how to administer the medicinal product correctly. Patients who do not experience improvement in breathing should be asked if they are swallowing the medicinal product rather than inhaling it.

The capsules must only be removed from the blister immediately before use.

After inhalation, patients should rinse their mouth with water without swallowing (see sections 4.4 and 6.6).

For instructions on use of the medicinal product before administration, see section 6.6.

Deterioration of disease

This medicinal product should not be used to treat acute asthma symptoms, including acute episodes of bronchospasm, for which a short‑acting bronchodilator is required. Increasing use of short‑acting bronchodilators to relieve symptoms indicates deterioration of control and patients should be reviewed by a physician.

Patients should not stop treatment without physician supervision since symptoms may recur after discontinuation.

It is recommended that treatment with this medicinal product should not be stopped abruptly. If patients find the treatment ineffective, they should continue treatment but must seek medical attention. Increasing use of reliever bronchodilators indicates a worsening of the underlying condition and warrants a reassessment of the therapy. Sudden and progressive deterioration in the symptoms of asthma is potentially life‑threatening and the patient should undergo urgent medical assessment.

Hypersensitivity

Immediate hypersensitivity reactions have been observed after administration of this medicinal product. If signs suggesting allergic reactions occur, in particular angioedema (including difficulties in breathing or swallowing, swelling of the tongue, lips and face), urticaria or skin rash, treatment should be discontinued immediately and alternative therapy instituted.

Paradoxical bronchospasm

As with other inhalation therapy, administration of this medicinal product may result in paradoxical bronchospasm, which can be life‑threatening. If this occurs, treatment should be discontinued immediately and alternative therapy instituted.

Cardiovascular effects of beta agonists

Like other medicinal products containing beta₂‑adrenergic agonists, this medicinal product may produce a clinically significant cardiovascular effect in some patients, as measured by increases in pulse rate, blood pressure and/or symptoms. If such effects occur, treatment may need to be discontinued.

This medicinal product should be used with caution in patients with cardiovascular disorders (coronary artery disease, acute myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmias, hypertension), convulsive disorders or thyrotoxicosis, and in patients who are unusually responsive to beta₂‑adrenergic agonists.

Patients with unstable ischaemic heart disease, a history of myocardial infarction in last 12 months, New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III/IV left ventricular failure, arrhythmia, uncontrolled hypertension, cerebrovascular disease or history of long QT syndrome and patients being treated with medicinal products known to prolong QTc were excluded from studies in the indacaterol/mometasone furoate clinical development programme. Thus safety outcomes in these populations are considered unknown.

While beta₂‑adrenergic agonists have been reported to produce electrocardiographic (ECG) changes, such as flattening of the T wave, prolongation of QT interval and ST segment depression, the clinical significance of these observations is unknown.

Long‑acting beta₂‑adrenergic agonists (LABA) or LABA‑containing combination products such as Atectura Breezhaler should therefore be used with caution in patients with known or suspected prolongation of the QT interval or who are being treated with medicinal products affecting the QT interval.

Hypokalaemia with beta agonists

Beta₂‑adrenergic agonists may produce significant hypokalaemia in some patients, which has the potential to produce adverse cardiovascular effects. The decrease in serum potassium is usually transient, not requiring supplementation. In patients with severe asthma hypokalaemia may be potentiated by hypoxia and concomitant treatment, which may increase the susceptibility to cardiac arrhythmias (see section 4.5).

Clinically relevant hypokalaemia has not been observed in clinical studies of indacaterol/mometasone furoate at the recommended therapeutic dose.

Hyperglycaemia

Inhalation of high doses of beta₂‑adrenergic agonists and corticosteroids may produce increases in plasma glucose. Upon initiation of treatment, plasma glucose should be monitored more closely in diabetic patients.

This medicinal product has not been investigated in patients with Type I diabetes mellitus or uncontrolled Type II diabetes mellitus.

Prevention of oropharyngeal infections

In order to reduce the risk of oropharyngeal candida infection, patients should be advised to rinse their mouth or gargle with water without swallowing it or brush their teeth after inhaling the prescribed dose.

Systemic effects of corticosteroids

Systemic effects of inhaled corticosteroids may occur, particularly at high doses prescribed for prolonged periods. These effects are much less likely to occur than with oral corticosteroids and may vary in individual patients and between different corticosteroid preparations.

Possible systemic effects may include Cushing’s syndrome, Cushingoid features, adrenal suppression, growth retardation in children and adolescents, decrease in bone mineral density, cataracts, glaucoma, and, more rarely, a range of psychological or behavioural effects including psychomotor hyperactivity, sleep disorders, anxiety, depression or aggression (particularly in children). It is therefore important that the dose of inhaled corticosteroid is titrated to the lowest dose at which effective control of asthma is maintained.

Visual disturbance may be reported with systemic and topical (including intranasal, inhaled and intraocular) corticosteroid use. Patients presenting with symptoms such as blurred vision or other visual disturbances should be considered for referral to an ophthalmologist for evaluation of possible causes of visual disturbances, which may include cataract, glaucoma or rare diseases such as central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) which have been reported after use of systemic and topical corticosteroids.

This medicinal product should be administered with caution in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis or in patients with chronic or untreated infections.

Excipients

This medicinal product contains lactose. Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, total lactase deficiency or glucose‑galactose malabsorption should not take this medicinal product.

No specific interaction studies were conducted with indacaterol/mometasone furoate. Information on the potential for interactions is based on the potential for each of the monotherapy components.

Medicinal products known to prolong the QTc interval

Like other medicinal products containing a beta₂‑adrenergic agonist, this medicinal product should be administered with caution to patients being treated with monoamine oxidase inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants or medicinal products known to prolong the QT interval, as any effect of these on the QT interval may be potentiated. Medicinal products known to prolong the QT interval may increase the risk of ventricular arrhythmia (see sections 4.4 and 5.1).

Hypokalaemic treatment

Concomitant hypokalaemic treatment with methylxanthine derivatives, steroids or non‑potassium‑sparing diuretics may potentiate the possible hypokalaemic effect of beta₂‑adrenergic agonists (see section 4.4).

Beta‑adrenergic blockers

Beta‑adrenergic blockers may weaken or antagonise the effect of beta₂‑adrenergic agonists. Therefore, this medicinal product should not be given together with beta‑adrenergic blockers unless there are compelling reasons for their use. Where required, cardioselective beta‑adrenergic blockers should be preferred, although they should be administered with caution.

Interaction with CYP3A4 and P‑glycoprotein inhibitors

Inhibition of CYP3A4 and P‑glycoprotein (P‑gp) has no impact on the safety of therapeutic doses of Atectura Breezhaler.

Inhibition of the key contributors of indacaterol clearance (CYP3A4 and P‑gp) or mometasone furoate clearance (CYP3A4) raises the systemic exposure of indacaterol or mometasone furoate up to two‑fold.

Due to the very low plasma concentration achieved after inhaled dosing, clinically significant interactions with mometasone furoate are unlikely. However, there may be a potential for increased systemic exposure to mometasone furoate when strong CYP3A4 inhibitors (e.g. ketoconazole, itraconazole, nelfinavir, ritonavir, cobicistat) are co‑administered.

Other long‑acting beta₂‑adrenergic agonists

The co‑administration of this medicinal product with other medicinal products containing long‑acting beta₂‑adrenergic agonists has not been studied and is not recommended as it may potentiate adverse reactions (see sections 4.8 and 4.9).

Pregnancy

There are insufficient data from the use of Atectura Breezhaler or its individual components (indacaterol and mometasone furoate) in pregnant women to determine whether there is a risk.

Indacaterol was not teratogenic in rats and rabbits following subcutaneous administration (see section 5.3). In animal reproduction studies with pregnant mice, rats and rabbits, mometasone furoate caused increased foetal malformations and decreased foetal survival and growth.

Like other medicinal products containing beta₂‑adrenergic agonists, indacaterol may inhibit labour due to a relaxant effect on uterine smooth muscle.

This medicinal product should only be used during pregnancy if the expected benefit to the patient justifies the potential risk to the foetus.

Breast‑feeding

There is no information available on the presence of indacaterol or mometasone furoate in human milk, on the effects on a breast‑fed infant, or on the effects on milk production. Other inhaled corticosteroids similar to mometasone furoate are transferred into human milk. Indacaterol (including its metabolites) and mometasone furoate have been detected in the milk of lactating rats.

A decision must be made whether to discontinue breast‑feeding or to discontinue/abstain from therapy, taking into account the benefit of breast‑feeding for the child and the benefit of therapy for the woman.

Fertility

Reproduction studies and other data in animals did not indicate a concern regarding fertility in either males or females.

This medicinal product has no or negligible influence on the ability to drive and use machines.

Summary of the safety profile

The most common adverse reactions over 52 weeks were asthma (exacerbation) (26.9%), nasopharyngitis (12.9%), upper respiratory tract infection (5.9%) and headache (5.8%).

Tabulated list of adverse reactions

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are listed by MedDRA system organ class (Table 1). The frequency of the ADRs is based on the PALLADIUM study. Within each system organ class, the adverse drug reactions are ranked by frequency, with the most frequent reactions first. Within each frequency grouping, adverse drug reactions are presented in order of decreasing seriousness. In addition, the corresponding frequency category for each adverse drug reaction is based on the following convention (CIOMS III): very common (≥1/10); common (≥1/100 to <1/10); uncommon (≥1/1,000 to <1/100); rare (≥1/10,000 to <1/1,000); very rare (<1/10,000).

Table 1 Adverse reactions

To report any side effect(s):

•   Saudi Arabia

-   Saudi Food and Drug Authority National Pharmacovigilance Center (NPC):

o Fax: +966112057662

o Call NPC at +966-11-2038222, Exts: 2317-2356-2340.

o Toll free phone: 8002490000

o SFDA call center: 19999

o E-mail: npc.drug@sfda.gov.sa

o Website: https://ade.sfda.gov.sa

-   Patient Safety Department Novartis Consulting AG - Saudi Arabia:

o Toll Free Number: 8001240078

o Phone: +966112658100

o Fax: +966112658107

o Email: adverse.events@novartis.com

•    Other GCC States:

-  Please contact the relevant competent authority.

General supportive measures and symptomatic treatment should be initiated in cases of suspected overdose.

An overdose will likely produce signs, symptoms or adverse effects associated with the pharmacological actions of the individual components (e.g. tachycardia, tremor, palpitations, headache, nausea, vomiting, drowsiness, ventricular arrhythmias, metabolic acidosis, hypokalaemia, hyperglycaemia, suppression of hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis function).

Use of cardioselective beta blockers may be considered for treating beta₂‑adrenergic effects, but only under the supervision of a physician and with extreme caution, since the use of beta₂‑adrenergic blockers may provoke bronchospasm. In serious cases, patients should be hospitalised.

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Drugs for obstructive airway diseases, adrenergics in combination with corticosteroids or other drugs, excl. anticholinergics, ATC code: R03AK14

Mechanism of action

This medicinal product is a combination of indacaterol, a long‑acting beta₂‑adrenergic agonist (LABA), and mometasone furoate, an inhaled synthetic corticosteroid (ICS).

Indacaterol

The pharmacological effects of beta₂‑adrenoceptor agonists, including indacaterol, are at least in part attributable to increased cyclic‑3’, 5’‑adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP) levels, which cause relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle.

When inhaled, indacaterol acts locally in the lung as a bronchodilator. Indacaterol is a partial agonist at the human beta₂‑adrenergic receptor with nanomolar potency. In isolated human bronchus, indacaterol has a rapid onset of action and a long duration of action.

Although beta₂‑adrenergic receptors are the predominant adrenergic receptors in bronchial smooth muscle and beta₁‑receptors are the predominant receptors in the human heart, there are also beta₂‑adrenergic receptors in the human heart comprising 10% to 50% of the total adrenergic receptors.

Mometasone furoate

Mometasone furoate is a synthetic corticosteroid with high affinity for glucocorticoid receptors and local anti‑inflammatory properties. In vitro, mometasone furoate inhibits the release of leukotrienes from leukocytes of allergic patients. In cell culture, mometasone furoate demonstrated high potency in inhibition of synthesis and release of IL‑1, IL‑5, IL‑6 and TNF‑alpha. It is also a potent inhibitor of leukotriene production and of the production of the Th2 cytokines IL‑4 and IL‑5 from human CD4+ T‑cells.

Pharmacodynamic effects

The pharmacodynamic response profile of this medicinal product is characterised by rapid onset of action within 5 minutes after dosing and sustained effect over the 24‑hour dosing interval, as evidenced by improvements in trough forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV₁) improvements versus comparators 24 hours after dosing.

No tachyphylaxis to the lung function benefits of this medicinal product was observed over time.

QTc interval

The effect of this medicinal product on the QTc interval has not been evaluated in a thorough QT (TQT) study. For mometasone furoate, no QTc‑prolonging properties are known.

Clinical efficacy and safety

Two phase III randomised, double‑blind studies (PALLADIUM and QUARTZ) of different durations evaluated the safety and efficacy of Atectura Breezhaler in adult and adolescent patients with persistent asthma.

The PALLADIUM study was a 52‑week pivotal study evaluating Atectura Breezhaler 125 mcg/127.5 mcg once daily (N=439) and 125 mcg/260 mcg once daily (N=445) compared to mometasone furoate 400 mcg once daily (N=444) and 800 mcg per day (given as 400 mcg twice daily) (N=442), respectively. A third active control arm included subjects treated with salmeterol/fluticasone propionate 50 mcg/500 mcg twice daily (N=446). All subjects were required to have symptomatic asthma (ACQ‑7 score ≥1.5) and were on asthma maintenance therapy using an inhaled synthetic corticosteroid (ICS) with or without LABA for at least 3 months prior to study entry. At screening, 31% of patients had history of exacerbation in the previous year. At study entry, the most common asthma medications reported were medium dose of ICS (20%), high dose of ICS (7%) or low dose of ICS in combination with a LABA (69%).

The primary objective of the study was to demonstrate superiority of either Atectura Breezhaler 125 mcg/127.5 mcg once daily over mometasone furoate 400 mcg once daily or Atectura Breezhaler 125 mcg/260 mcg once daily over mometasone furoate 400 mcg twice daily in terms of trough FEV₁ at week 26.

At week 26, Atectura Breezhaler 125 mcg/127.5 mcg and 125 mcg/260 mcg once daily both demonstrated statistically significant improvements in trough FEV₁ and Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ‑7) score compared to mometasone furoate 400 mcg once or twice daily, respectively (see Table 2). Findings at week 52 were consistent with week 26.

Atectura Breezhaler 125 mcg/127.5 mcg and 125 mcg/260 mcg once daily both demonstrated a clinically meaningful reduction in the annual rate of moderate or severe exacerbations (secondary endpoint), compared to mometasone furoate 400 mcg once and twice daily (see Table 2).

Results for the most clinically relevant endpoints are described in Table 2.

Lung function, symptoms and exacerbations

Table 2       Results of primary and secondary endpoints in PALLADIUM study at weeks 26 and 52

Pre‑specified pooled analysis

Atectura Breezhaler 125 mcg/260 mcg once daily was also studied as an active comparator in another phase III study (IRIDIUM) in which all subjects had a history of asthma exacerbation requiring systemic corticosteroids in the past year. A pre‑specified pooled analysis across the IRIDIUM and PALLADIUM studies was conducted to compare Atectura Breezhaler 125 mcg/260 mcg once daily to salmeterol/fluticasone 50 mcg/500 mcg twice daily for the endpoints of trough FEV₁ and ACQ‑7 at week 26 and annualised rate of exacerbations. The pooled analysis demonstrated that Atectura Breezhaler improved trough FEV₁ by 43 ml (95% CI: 17, 69) and ACQ‑7 score by ‑0.091 (95% CI: ‑0.153, ‑0.030) at week 26 and reduced the annualised rate of moderate or severe asthma exacerbations by 22% (RR: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.66, 0.93) and of severe exacerbations by 26% (RR: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.61, 0.91) versus salmeterol/fluticasone.

The QUARTZ study was a 12‑week study evaluating Atectura Breezhaler 125 mcg/62.5 mcg once daily (N=398) compared to mometasone furoate 200 mcg once daily (N=404). All subjects were required to be symptomatic and on asthma maintenance therapy using a low‑dose ICS (with or without LABA) for at least 1 month prior to study entry. At study entry, the most common asthma medications reported were low‑dose ICS (43%) and LABA/low‑dose ICS (56%). The primary endpoint of the study was to demonstrate superiority of Atectura Breezhaler 125 mcg/62.5 mcg once daily over mometasone furoate 200 mcg once daily in terms of trough FEV₁ at week 12.

Atectura Breezhaler 125 mcg/62.5 mcg once daily demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in baseline trough FEV₁ at week 12 and Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ‑7) score compared to mometasone furoate 200 mcg once daily.

Results for the most clinically relevant endpoints are described in Table 3.

Table 3       Results of primary and secondary endpoints in QUARTZ study at week 12

Paediatric population

In the PALLADIUM study, which included 106 adolescents (12‑17 years old), the improvements in trough FEV₁ at week 26 were 0.173 litres (95% CI: ‑0.021, 0.368) for Atectura Breezhaler 125 mcg/260 mcg once daily vs mometasone furoate 800 mcg (i.e. high doses) and 0.397 litres (95% CI: 0.195, 0.599) for Atectura Breezhaler 125 mcg/127.5 mcg once daily vs mometasone furoate 400 mcg once daily (i.e. medium doses).

In the QUARTZ study, which included 63 adolescents (12‑17 years old), the Least Square means treatment difference for trough FEV₁ at day 85 (week 12) was 0.251 litres (95% CI: 0.130, 0.371).

For the adolescent subgroups, improvements in lung function, symptoms and exacerbation reductions were consistent with the overall population.

The European Medicines Agency has deferred the obligation to submit the results of studies with indacaterol/mometasone furoate in one or more subsets of the paediatric population in asthma (see section 4.2 for information on paediatric use).

Absorption

Following inhalation of Atectura Breezhaler, the median time to reach peak plasma concentrations of indacaterol and mometasone furoate was approximately 15 minutes and 1 hour, respectively.

Based on the in vitro performance data, the dose of each of the monotherapy components delivered to the lung is expected to be similar for the indacaterol/mometasone furoate combination and the monotherapy products. Steady‑state plasma exposure to indacaterol and mometasone furoate after inhalation of the combination was similar to the systemic exposure after inhalation of indacaterol maleate or mometasone furoate as monotherapy products.

Following inhalation of the combination, the absolute bioavailability was estimated to be about 45% for indacaterol and less than 10% for mometasone furoate.

Indacaterol

Indacaterol concentrations increased with repeated once‑daily administration. Steady state was achieved within 12 to 14 days. The mean accumulation ratio of indacaterol, i.e. AUC over the 24‑h dosing interval on day 14 compared to day 1, was in the range of 2.9 to 3.8 for once‑daily inhaled doses between 60 and 480 mcg (delivered dose). Systemic exposure results from a composite of pulmonary and gastrointestinal absorption; about 75% of systemic exposure was from pulmonary absorption and about 25% from gastrointestinal absorption.

Mometasone furoate

Mometasone furoate concentrations increased with repeated once‑daily administration via the Breezhaler inhaler. Steady state was achieved after 12 days. The mean accumulation ratio of mometasone furoate, i.e. AUC over the 24‑h dosing interval on day 14 compared to day 1, was in the range of 1.61 to 1.71 for once‑daily inhaled doses between 62.5 and 260 mcg as part of the indacaterol/mometasone furoate combination.

Following oral administration of mometasone furoate, the absolute oral systemic bioavailability of mometasone furoate was estimated to be very low (<2%).

Distribution

Indacaterol

After intravenous infusion the volume of distribution (V_z) of indacaterol was 2,361 to 2,557 litres, indicating an extensive distribution. The in vitro human serum and plasma protein binding were 94.1 to 95.3% and 95.1 to 96.2%, respectively.

Mometasone furoate

After intravenous bolus administration, the V_d is 332 litres. The in vitro protein binding for mometasone furoate is high, 98% to 99% in concentration range of 5 to 500 ng/ml.

Biotransformation

Indacaterol

After oral administration of radiolabelled indacaterol in a human ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion) study, unchanged indacaterol was the main component in serum, accounting for about one third of total drug‑related AUC over 24 hours. A hydroxylated derivative was the most prominent metabolite in serum. Phenolic O‑glucuronides of indacaterol and hydroxylated indacaterol were further prominent metabolites. A diastereomer of the hydroxylated derivative, an N‑glucuronide of indacaterol, and C‑ and N‑dealkylated products were further metabolites identified.

In vitro investigations indicated that UGT1A1 was the only UGT isoform that metabolised indacaterol to the phenolic O‑glucuronide. The oxidative metabolites were found in incubations with recombinant CYP1A1, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4. CYP3A4 is concluded to be the predominant isoenzyme responsible for hydroxylation of indacaterol. In vitro investigations further indicated that indacaterol is a low‑affinity substrate for the efflux pump P‑gp.

In vitro the UGT1A1 isoform is a major contributor to the metabolic clearance of indacaterol. However, as shown in a clinical study in populations with different UGT1A1 genotypes, systemic exposure to indacaterol is not significantly affected by the UGT1A1 genotype.

Mometasone furoate

The portion of an inhaled mometasone furoate dose that is swallowed and absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract undergoes extensive metabolism to multiple metabolites. There are no major metabolites detectable in plasma. In human liver microsomes mometasone furoate is metabolised by CYP3A4.

Elimination

Indacaterol

In clinical studies which included urine collection, the amount of indacaterol excreted unchanged via urine was generally lower than 2% of the dose. Renal clearance of indacaterol was, on average, between 0.46 and 1.20 litres/hour. Compared with the serum clearance of indacaterol of 18.8 to 23.3 litres/hour, it is evident that renal clearance plays a minor role (about 2 to 6% of systemic clearance) in the elimination of systemically available indacaterol.

In a human ADME study in which indacaterol was given orally, the faecal route of excretion was dominant over the urinary route. Indacaterol was excreted into human faeces primarily as unchanged parent substance (54% of the dose) and, to a lesser extent, hydroxylated indacaterol metabolites (23% of the dose). Mass balance was complete with ≥90% of the dose recovered in the excreta.

Indacaterol serum concentrations declined in a multi‑phasic manner with an average terminal half‑life ranging from 45.5 to 126 hours. The effective half‑life, calculated from the accumulation of indacaterol after repeated dosing, ranged from 40 to 52 hours which is consistent with the observed time to steady state of approximately 12 to 14 days.

Mometasone furoate

After intravenous bolus administration, mometasone furoate has a terminal elimination T_½ of approximately 4.5 hours. A radiolabelled, orally inhaled dose is excreted mainly in the faeces (74%) and to a lesser extent in the urine (8%).

Interactions

Concomitant administration of orally inhaled indacaterol and mometasone furoate under steady‑state conditions did not affect the pharmacokinetics of either active substance.

Linearity/non‑linearity

Systemic exposure of mometasone furoate increased in a dose proportional manner following single and multiple doses of Atectura Breezhaler 125 mcg/62.5 mcg and 125 mcg/260 mcg in healthy subjects. A less than proportional increase in steady‑state systemic exposure was noted in patients with asthma over the dose range of 125 mcg/62.5 mcg to 125 mcg/260 mcg. Dose proportionality assessments were not performed for indacaterol as only one dose was used across all dose strengths.

Paediatric population

Atectura Breezhaler may be used in adolescent patients (12 years of age and older) at the same posology as in adults.

Special populations

A population pharmacokinetic analysis in patients with asthma after inhalation of indacaterol/mometasone furoate indicated no significant effect of age, gender, body weight, smoking status, baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and FEV₁ at baseline on the systemic exposure to indacaterol and mometasone furoate.

Patients with renal impairment

Due to the very low contribution of the urinary pathway to total body elimination of indacaterol and mometasone furoate, the effects of renal impairment on their systemic exposure have not been investigated (see section 4.2).

Patients with hepatic impairment

The effect of indacaterol/mometasone furoate has not been evaluated in subjects with hepatic impairment. However, studies have been conducted with the monotherapy components (see section 4.2).

Indacaterol

Patients with mild and moderate hepatic impairment showed no relevant changes in C_max or AUC of indacaterol, nor did protein binding differ between mild and moderate hepatic impaired subjects and their healthy controls. No data are available for subjects with severe hepatic impairment.

Mometasone furoate

A study evaluating the administration of a single inhaled dose of 400 mcg mometasone furoate by dry powder inhaler to subjects with mild (n=4), moderate (n=4), and severe (n=4) hepatic impairment resulted in only 1 or 2 subjects in each group having detectable peak plasma concentrations of mometasone furoate (ranging from 50 to 105 pcg/ml). The observed peak plasma concentrations appear to increase with severity of hepatic impairment; however, the numbers of detectable levels (assay lower limit of quantification was 50 pcg/ml) were few.

Other special populations

There were no major differences in total systemic exposure (AUC) for both compounds between Japanese and Caucasian subjects. Insufficient pharmacokinetic data are available for other ethnicities or races.

The non‑clinical assessments of each monotherapy and of the combination product are presented below.

Indacaterol and mometasone furoate combination

The findings during the 13‑week inhalation toxicity studies were predominantly attributable to the mometasone furoate component and were typical pharmacological effects of glucocorticoids. Increased heart rates associated with indacaterol were apparent in dogs after administration of indacaterol/mometasone furoate or indacaterol alone.

Indacaterol

Effects on the cardiovascular system attributable to the beta₂‑agonistic properties of indacaterol included tachycardia, arrhythmias and myocardial lesions in dogs. Mild irritation of the nasal cavity and larynx was seen in rodents.

Genotoxicity studies did not reveal any mutagenic or clastogenic potential.

Carcinogenicity was assessed in a two‑year rat study and a six‑month transgenic mouse study. Increased incidences of benign ovarian leiomyoma and focal hyperplasia of ovarian smooth muscle in rats were consistent with similar findings reported for other beta₂‑adrenergic agonists. No evidence of carcinogenicity was seen in mice.

All these findings occurred at exposures sufficiently in excess of those anticipated in humans.

Following subcutaneous administration in a rabbit study, adverse effects of indacaterol with respect to pregnancy and embryonal/foetal development could only be demonstrated at doses more than 500‑fold those achieved following daily inhalation of 150 mcg in humans (based on AUC_0‑24 h).

Although indacaterol did not affect general reproductive performance in a rat fertility study, a decrease in the number of pregnant F1 offspring was observed in the peri‑ and post‑natal developmental rat study at an exposure 14‑fold higher than in humans treated with indacaterol. Indacaterol was not embryotoxic or teratogenic in rats or rabbits.

Mometasone furoate

All observed effects are typical of the glucocorticoid class of compounds and are related to exaggerated pharmacological effects of glucocorticoids. Mometasone furoate showed no genotoxic activity in a standard battery of in vitro and in vivo tests.

In carcinogenicity studies in mice and rats, inhaled mometasone furoate demonstrated no statistically significant increase in the incidence of tumours.

Like other glucocorticoids, mometasone furoate is a teratogen in rodents and rabbits. Effects noted were umbilical hernia in rats, cleft palate in mice and gallbladder agenesis, umbilical hernia and flexed front paws in rabbits. There were also reductions in maternal body weight gains, effects on foetal growth (lower foetal body weight and/or delayed ossification) in rats, rabbits and mice, and reduced offspring survival in mice. In studies of reproductive function, subcutaneous mometasone furoate at 15 mcg/kg prolonged gestation and difficult labour occurred, with a reduction in offspring survival and body weight.

Capsule content

Lactose monohydrate

Capsule shell

Gelatin

Printing ink

Not applicable.

Store in the original package in order to protect from light and moisture.

This medicinal product does not require any special temperature storage conditions.

Inhaler body and cap are made from acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, push buttons are made from methyl metacrylate acrylonitrile butadiene styrene. Needles and springs are made from stainless steel.

PA/Alu/PVC – Alu perforated unit‑dose blister. Each blister contains 10 hard capsules.

Atectura Breezhaler 125 micrograms/62.5 micrograms inhalation powder, hard capsules

Single pack containing 10 x 1 or 30 x 1 hard capsules, together with 1 inhaler.

Multipacks containing 90 (3 packs of 30 x 1) hard capsules and 3 inhalers.

Multipacks containing 150 (15 packs of 10 x 1) hard capsules and 15 inhalers.

Atectura Breezhaler 125 micrograms/127.5 micrograms inhalation powder, hard capsules

Single pack containing 10 x 1 or 30 x 1 hard capsules, together with 1 inhaler.

Multipacks containing 90 (3 packs of 30 x 1) hard capsules and 3 inhalers.

Multipacks containing 150 (15 packs of 10 x 1) hard capsules and 15 inhalers.

Atectura Breezhaler 125 micrograms/260 micrograms inhalation powder, hard capsules

Single pack containing 10 x 1 or 30 x 1 hard capsules, together with 1 inhaler.

Multipacks containing 90 (3 packs of 30 x 1) hard capsules and 3 inhalers.

Multipacks containing 150 (15 packs of 10 x 1) hard capsules and 15 inhalers.

Not all pack sizes may be marketed.

The inhaler provided with each new prescription should be used. The inhaler in each pack should be disposed of after all capsules in that pack have been used.

Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.

Instructions for handling and use

Your Atectura Breezhaler Inhaler pack contains: ·         One Atectura Breezhaler inhaler ·         Capsule chamber Mouthpiece One or more blister cards, each containing 10 Atectura Breezhaler capsules to be used in the inhaler       Cap       Base Side buttons Screen Blister Inhaler base Blister card Inhaler	Frequently Asked Questions   Why didn’t the inhaler make a noise when I inhaled? The capsule may be stuck in the capsule chamber. If this happens, carefully loosen the capsule by tapping the base of the inhaler. Inhale the medicine again by repeating steps 3a to 3d.   What should I do if there is powder left inside the capsule? You have not received enough of your medicine. Close the inhaler and repeat steps 3a to 3d.   I coughed after inhaling – does this matter? This may happen. As long as the capsule is empty you have received enough of your medicine.   I felt small pieces of the capsule on my tongue – does this matter? This can happen. It is not harmful. The chances of the capsule breaking into small pieces will be increased if the capsule is pierced more than once.	Cleaning the inhaler Wipe the mouthpiece inside and outside with a clean, dry, lint‑free cloth to remove any powder residue. Keep the inhaler dry. Never wash your inhaler with water.
		Disposing of the inhaler after use Each inhaler should be disposed of after all capsules have been used. Ask your pharmacist how to dispose of medicines and inhalers that are no longer required.