Darunavir co-administered with low dose ritonavir is indicated in combination with other antiretroviral medicinal products for the treatment of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection.

Darunavir co-administered with cobicistat is indicated in combination with other antiretroviral medicinal products for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection in adult patients.

Darunavir 400 mg and 800 mg tablets may be used to provide suitable dose regimens for the treatment of HIV-1 infection in adult and paediatric patients from the age of 3 years and at least 40 kg body weight who are:

• Antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naïve.

• ART-experienced with no Darunavir resistance associated mutations (DRV-RAMs) and who have plasma HIV-1 RNA < 100,000 copies/ml and CD4+ cell count ≥ 100 cells x 106/l. In deciding to initiate treatment with Darunavir in such ART experienced patients, genotypic testing should guide the use of Darunavir.

600 mg tablet may be used to provide suitable dose regimens :

• For the treatment of HIV-1 infection in antiretroviral treatment ART-experienced adult patients, including those that have been highly pre-treated.

• For the treatment of HIV-1 infection in paediatric patients from the age of 3 years and at least 15 kg body weight. In deciding to initiate treatment with Darunavir co-administered with low dose ritonavir, careful consideration should be given to the treatment history of the individual patient and the patterns of mutations associated with different agents. Genotypic or phenotypic testing {when available} and treatment history should guide the use of Darunavir

Therapy should be initiated by a health care provider experienced in the management of HIV infection. After therapy with Darunavir has been initiated, patients should be advised not to alter the dosage, dose form or discontinue therapy without discussing with their health care provider.

The interaction profile of Darunavir depends on whether ritonavir or cobicistat is used as pharmacokinetic enhancer.

Darunavir may therefore have different contraindications and recommendations for concomitant medications depending on whether the compound is boosted with ritonavir or cobicistat.

 

Posology

Darunavir must always be given orally with cobicistat or low dose ritonavir as a pharmacokinetic enhancer and in combination with other antiretroviral medicinal products. The Summary of Product Characteristics of cobicistat or ritonavir as appropriate must therefore be consulted prior to initiation of therapy with Darunavir Cobicistat is not indicated for use in twice daily regimens or for use in the paediatric population.

Darunavir is also available as an oral suspension for use in patients who are unable to swallow Darunavir tablets (please refer to the Summary of Product Characteristics for Darunavir oral suspension).

ART-naïve adult patients

The recommended dose regimen is 800 mg once daily with cobicistat 150 mg once daily or ritonavir 100 mg once daily taken with food. Darunavir 400 mg and 800 mg tablets can be used to construct the once daily 800 mg regimen.

 

ART-experienced adult patients

The recommended dose regimens are as follows:

• In ART-experienced patients with no Darunavir resistance associated mutations (DRV-RAMs)* and who have plasma HIV-1 RNA < 100,000 copies/ml and CD4+ cell count ≥ 100 cells x 106/l. a regimen of 800 mg once daily with cobicistat 150 mg once daily or ritonavir 100 mg once daily taken with food may be used. Darunavir 400 mg and 800 mg tablets can be used to construct the once daily 800 mg regimen.

• In all other ART-experienced patients or if HIV-1 genotype testing is not available, the recommended dose regimen is 600 mg twice daily taken with ritonavir 100 mg twice daily taken with food. See the Summary of Product Characteristics for Darunavir 100 mg/ml oral suspension, 75 mg, 150 mg, 300 mg or 600 mg tablets.

* DRV-RAMs: V11I, V32I, L33F, I47V, I50V, I54M, I54L, T74P, L76V, I84V and L89V

 

ART-naïve paediatric patients (3 to 17 years of age and weighing at least 40 k g)

 

The recommended dose regimen is 800 mg once daily with ritonavir 100 mg once daily taken with food. The dose of cobicistat to be used with Darunavir in children less than 18 years of age has not been established.

 

ART-experienced paediatric patients (3 to 17 years of age and weighing at least 40 k g)

 

The dose of cobicistat to be used with Darunavir in children less than 18 years of age has not been established.

The recommended dose regimens are as follows:

• In ART-experienced patients without DRV-RAMs* and who have plasma HIV-1 RNA < 100,000 copies/ml and CD4+ cell count ≥ 100 cells x 10⁶/I a regimen of 800 mg once daily with ritonavir 100 mg once daily taken with food may be used. Darunavir 400 mg and 800 mg tablets can be used to construct the once daily 800 mg regimen.

• In all other ART-experienced patients or if HIV-1 genotype testing is not available, the recommended dose regimen is described in the Summary of Product Characteristics for Darunavir 100 mg/ml oral suspension,75 mg, 150 mg, 300 mg and 600 mg tablets.

* DRV-RAMs: V11I, V32I, L33F, I47V, I50V, I54M, I54L, T74P, L76V, I84V and L89V

 

Advice on missed doses

If a once daily dose of Darunavir and/or cobicistat or ritonavir is missed within 12 hours of the time it is usually taken, patients should be instructed to take the prescribed dose of Darunavir and cobicistat or ritonavir with food as soon as possible. If this is noticed later than 12 hours after the time it is usually taken, the missed dose should not be taken and the patient should resume the usual dosing schedule.

This guidance is based on the half-life of Darunavir in the presence of cobicistat or ritonavir and the recommended dosing interval of approximately 24 hours.

 

Special populations

Elderly

Limited information is available in this population, and therefore, Darunavir should be used with caution in this age group.

 

Hepatic impairment

Darunavir is metabolised by the hepatic system. No dose adjustment is recommended in patients with mild (Child-Pugh Class A) or moderate (Child-Pugh Class B) hepatic impairment, however, Darunavir should be used with caution in these patients. No pharmacokinetic data are available in patients with severe hepatic impairment. Severe hepatic impairment could result in an increase of Darunavir exposure and a worsening of its safety profile. Therefore, Darunavir must not be used in patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class C).

 

Renal impairment

No dose adjustment is required for Darunavir/ritonavir in patients with renal impairment. Cobicistat has not been studied in patients receiving dialysis, and, therefore, no recommendation can be made for the use of Darunavir/cobicistat in these patients.

Cobicistat inhibits the tubular secretion of creatinine and may cause modest increases in serum creatinine and modest declines in creatinine clearance. Hence, the use of creatinine clearance as an estimate of renal elimination capacity may be misleading. Cobicistat as a pharmacokinetic enhancer of Darunavir should, therefore, not be initiated in patients with creatine clearance less than 70 ml/min if any co-administered agent requires dose adjustment based on creatinine clearance: e.g. emtricitabine, lamivudine, tenofovir disoproxil (as fumarate, phosphate or succinate) or adefovir dipovoxil.

For information on cobicistat, consult the cobicistat Summary of Product Characteristics.

 

Paediatric population

Darunavir should not be used in paediatric patients below 3 years of age or less than 15 kg body weight.

 

ART-naïve paediatric patients (3 to 17 years of age and weighing at least 40 k g)

 

The recommended dose regimen is 800 mg once daily with ritonavir 100 mg once daily taken with food.

 

ART-experienced paediatric patients (3 to 17 years of age and weighing at least 40 k g)

 

In ART-experienced patients without DRV-RAMs* and who have plasma HIV-1 RNA < 100,000 copies/ml and CD4+ cell count ≥ 100 cells x 106/l, a regimen of 800 mg once daily with ritonavir 100 mg once daily taken with food may be used.

* DRV-RAMs: V11I, V32I, L33F, I47V, I50V, I54M, I54L, T74P, L76V, I84V and L89V

For dosage recommendations in children, see the Summary of Product Characteristics for Darunavir 75 mg, 150 mg, 300 mg, 600 mg tablets and 100 mg/ml oral suspension.

 

The dose of cobicistat to be used with Darunavir has not been established in this patient population.

 

Pregnancy and postpartum

No dose adjustment is required for Darunavir/ritonavir during pregnancy and postpartum. Darunavir/ritonavir should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk.

Treatment with Darunavir/cobicistat 800/150 mg during pregnancy results in low Darunavir exposure. Therefore, therapy with Darunavir /cobicistat should not be initiated during pregnancy, and women who become pregnant during therapy with Darunavir /cobicistat should be switched to an alternative regimen. Darunavir /ritonavir may be considered as an alternative.

 

Method of administration

Patients should be instructed to take Darunavir with cobicistat or low dose ritonavir within 30 minutes after completion of a meal. The type of food does not affect the exposure to Darunavir.

Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients. Patients with severe (Child-Pugh Class C) hepatic impairment. Concomitant treatment with any of the following medicinal products given the expected decrease in plasma concentrations of Darunavir, ritonavir and cobicistat and the potential for loss of therapeutic effect. Applicable to Darunavir boosted with either ritonavir or cobicistat: - The combination product lopinavir/ritonavir - The strong CYP3A inducers rifampicin and herbal preparations containing St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum). Coadministration is expected to reduce plasma concentrations of Darunavir; ritonavir and cobicistat, which could lead to loss of therapeutic effect and possible development of resistance. Applicable to Darunavir boosted with cobicistat, not when boosted with ritonavir: - Darunavir boosted with cobicistat is more sensitive for CYP3A induction than Darunavir boosted with ritonavir. Concomitant use with strong CYP3A inducers is contraindicated, since these may reduce the exposure to cobicistat and Darunavir leading to loss of therapeutic effect. Strong CYP3A inducers include e.g. carbamazepine; phenobarbital and phenytoin. Darunavir boosted with either ritonavir or cobicistat inhibits the elimination of active substances that are highly dependent on CYP3A for clearance, which results in increased exposure to the co-administered medicinal product. Therefore, concomitant treatment with such medicinal products for which elevated plasma concentrations are associated with serious and/or life-threatening events is contraindicated (applies to Darunavir boosted with either ritonavir or cobicistat). These active substances include e.g.: - alfuzosin - amiodarone, bepridil, dronedarone, quinidine, ranolazine - astemizole, terfenadine - colchicine when used in patients with renal and/or hepatic impairment. - ergot derivatives (e.g. dihydroergotamine, ergometrine, ergotamine, methylergonovine) - elbasvir/grazoprevir - cisapride - dapoxetine - domperidone - naloxegol - lurasidone, pimozide, quetiapine, sertindole. - triazolam, midazolam administered orally (for caution on parenterally administered midazolam) - sildenafil - when used for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension, avanafil - simvastatin, lovastatin and lomitapide. - dabigatran, ticagrelor.

While effective viral suppression with antiretroviral therapy has been proven to substantially reduce the risk of sexual transmission, a residual risk cannot be excluded. Precautions to prevent transmission should be taken in accordance with national guidelines.

Regular assessment of virological response is advised. In the setting of lack or loss of virological response, resistance testing should be performed.

 

Darunavir 400 mg or 800 mg must always be given orally with cobicistat or low dose ritonavir as a pharmacokinetic enhancer and in combination with other antiretroviral medicinal products.  The Summary of Product Characteristics of cobicistat or ritonavir as appropriate, must therefore be consulted prior to initiation of therapy with Darunavir.

 

Increasing the dose of ritonavir from that recommended did not significantly affect Darunavir concentrations. It is not recommended to alter the dose of cobicistat or ritonavir.

 

Darunavir binds predominantly to α1-acid glycoprotein. This protein binding is concentration-dependent indicative for saturation of binding. Therefore, protein displacement of medicinal products highly bound to α1-acid glycoprotein cannot be ruled out.

 

ART-experienced patients – once daily dosing

Darunavir used in combination with cobicistat or low dose ritonavir once daily in ART-experienced patients should not be used in patients with one or more Darunavir resistance associated mutations (DRV-RAMs) or HIV-1 RNA ≥ 100,000 copies/ml or CD4+ cell count < 100 cells x 10⁶/l. Combinations with optimised background regimen (OBRs) other than ≥ 2 NRTIs have not been studied in this population. Limited data are available in patients with HIV-1clades other than B

 

Paediatric population

Darunavir is not recommended for use in paediatric patients below 3 years of age or less than 15 kg body weight.

 

Pregnancy

Darunavir /ritonavir should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk. Caution should be used in pregnant women with concomitant medications which may further decrease Darunavir exposure.

 

Treatment with Darunavir/cobicistat 800/150 mg once daily during the second and third trimester has been shown to result in low Darunavir exposure, with a reduction of around 90% in C_min levels.Cobicistat levels decrease and may not provide sufficient boosting. The substantial reduction in Darunavir exposure may result in virological failure and an increased risk of mother to child transmission of HIV infection. Therefore, therapy with Darunavir cobicistat should not be initiated during pregnancy, and women who become pregnant during therapy with Darunavir /cobicistat should be switched to an alternative regimen. Darunavir given with low dose ritonavir may be considered as an alternative.

 

Elderly

As limited information is available on the use of Darunavir in patients aged 65 and over, caution should be exercised in the administration of Darunavir in elderly patients, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic function and of concomitant disease or other therapy.

Severe skin reactions

During the Darunavir/ritonavir clinical development program (N=3,063), severe skin reactions, which may be accompanied with fever and/or elevations of transaminases, have been reported in 0.4% of patients. DRESS (Drug Rash with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms) and Stevens - Johnson syndrome has been rarely (< 0.1%) reported, and during post-marketing experience toxic epidermal necrolysis and acute generalised exanthematous pustulosis have been reported. Darunavir should be discontinued immediately if signs or symptoms of severe skin reactions develop. These can include, but are not limited to, severe rash or rash accompanied by fever, general malaise, fatigue, muscle or joint aches, blisters, oral lesions, conjunctivitis, hepatitis and/or eosinophilia.

Rash occurred more commonly in treatment-experienced patients receiving regimens containing Darunavir /ritonavir + raltegravir compared to patients receiving Darunavir /ritonavir without raltegravir or raltegravir without Darunavir.

 

Darunavir contains a sulphonamide moiety. Darunavir should be used with caution in patients with a known sulphonamide allergy.

 

Hepatotoxicity

Drug-induced hepatitis (e.g. acute hepatitis, cytolytic hepatitis) has been reported with Darunavir. During the Darunavir/ritonavir clinical development program (N=3,063), hepatitis was reported in 0.5% of patients receiving combination antiretroviral therapy with Darunavir /ritonavir. Patients with pre-existing liver dysfunction, including chronic active hepatitis B or C, have an increased risk for liver function abnormalities including severe and potentially fatal hepatic adverse reactions. In case of concomitant antiviral therapy for hepatitis B or C, please refer to the relevant product information for these medicinal products.

 

Appropriate laboratory testing should be conducted prior to initiating therapy with Darunavir used in combination with cobicistat or low dose ritonavir and patients should be monitored during treatment. Increased AST/ALT monitoring should be considered in patients with underlying chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, or in patients who have pre-treatment elevations of transaminases, especially during the first several months of Darunavir used in combination with cobicistat or low dose ritonavir treatment.

 

If there is evidence of new or worsening liver dysfunction (including clinically significant elevation of liver enzymes and/or symptoms such as fatigue, anorexia, nausea, jaundice, dark urine, liver tenderness, hepatomegaly) in patients using Darunavir used in combination with cobicistat or low dose ritonavir, interruption or discontinuation of treatment should be considered promptly.

 

Patients with coexisting conditions

 

Hepatic impairment

The safety and efficacy of Darunavir have not been established in patients with severe underlying liver disorders and Darunavir is therefore contraindicated in patients with severe hepatic impairment. Due to an increase in the unbound Darunavir plasma concentrations, Darunavir should be used with caution in patients with mild or moderate hepatic impairment.

 

Renal impairment

No special precautions or dose adjustments for Darunavir/ritonavir are required in patients with renal impairment. As Darunavir and ritonavir are highly bound to plasma proteins, it is unlikely that they will be significantly removed by haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. Therefore, no special precautions or dose adjustments are required in these patients. Cobicistat has not been studied in patients receiving dialysis; therefore, no recommendation can be made for the use of Darunavir/cobicistat in these patients.

Cobicistat decreases the estimated creatinine clearance due to inhibition of tubular secretion of creatinine. This should be taken into consideration if Darunavir with cobicistat is administered to patients in whom the estimated creatinine clearance is used to adjust doses of co-administered medicinal products.

 

There are currently inadequate data to determine whether co-administration of tenofovir disoproxil and cobicistat is associated with a greater risk of renal adverse reactions compared with regimens that include tenofovir disoproxil without cobicistat.

 

Haemophiliac patients

There have been reports of increased bleeding, including spontaneous skin haematomas and haemarthrosis in patients with haemophilia type A and B treated with PIs. In some patients additional factor VIII was given. In more than half of the reported cases, treatment with PIs was continued or reintroduced if treatment had been discontinued. A causal relationship has been suggested, although the mechanism of action has not been elucidated. Haemophiliac patients should, therefore, be made aware of the possibility of increased bleeding.

 

Weight and metabolic parameters

 

An increase in weight and in levels of blood lipids and glucose may occur during antiretroviral therapy. Such changes may in part be linked to disease control and life style. For lipids, there is in some cases evidence for a treatment effect, while for weight gain there is no strong evidence relating this to any particular treatment. For monitoring of blood lipids and glucose reference is made to established HIV treatment guidelines. Lipid disorders should be managed as clinically appropriate.

 

Osteonecrosis

Although the aetiology is considered to be multifactorial (including corticosteroid use, alcohol consumption, severe immunosuppression, higher body mass index), cases of osteonecrosis have been reported particularly in patients with advanced HIV disease and/or long-term exposure to combination antiretroviral therapy (CART). Patients should be advised to seek medical advice if they experience joint aches and pain, joint stiffness or difficulty in movement.

 

Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome

In HIV infected patients with severe immune deficiency at the time of initiation of combination antiretroviral therapy (CART), an inflammatory reaction to asymptomatic or residual opportunistic pathogens may arise and cause serious clinical conditions, or aggravation of symptoms. Typically, such reactions have been observed within the first weeks or months of initiation of CART. Relevant examples are cytomegalovirus retinitis, generalised and/or focal mycobacterial infections and pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii (formerly known as Pneumocystis carinii). Any inflammatory symptoms should be evaluated and treatment instituted when necessary. In addition, reactivation of herpes simplex and herpes zoster has been observed in clinical studies with Darunavir co-administered with low dose ritonavir.

 

Autoimmune disorders (such as Graves' disease and autoimmune hepatitis) have also been reported to occur in the setting of immune reactivation; however, the reported time to onset is more variable and these events can occur many months after initiation of treatment.

 

Interactions with medicinal products

Several of the interaction studies have been performed with Darunavir at lower than recommended doses. The effects on co-administered medicinal products may thus be underestimated and clinical monitoring of safety may be indicated. For full information on interactions with other medicinal products.

 

Pharmacokinetic enhancer and concomitant medications

 

Darunavir has different interaction profiles depending on whether the compound is boosted with ritonavir or cobicistat:

- Darunavir boosted with cobicistat is more sensitive for CYP3A induction: concomitant use of Darunavir/cobicistat and strong CYP3A inducers is therefore contraindicated and concomitant use with weak to moderate CYP3A inducers is not recommended. Concomitant use of Darunavir/ritonavir and Darunavir/cobicistat with lopinavir/ritonavir, rifampicin and herbal products containing St John's wort, Hypericum perforatum, is contraindicated.

 

- Unlike ritonavir, cobicistat does not have inducing effects on enzymes or transport proteins. If switching the pharmacoenhancer from ritonavir to cobicistat, caution is required during the first two weeks of treatment with Darunavir/cobicistat, particularly if doses of any concomitantly administered medicinal products have been titrated or adjusted during use of ritonavir as a pharmacoenhancer. A dose reduction of the co-administered drug may be needed in these cases.

 

Efavirenz in combination with Darunavir may result in sub-optimal Darunavir Cmin. If efavirenz is to be used in combination with Darunavir the Darunavir /ritonavir 600/100 mg twice daily regimen should be used. See the Summary of Product Characteristics for Darunavir 75 mg, 150 mg, 300 mg and 600 mg tablets.

 

Life-threatening and fatal drug interactions have been reported in patients treated with colchicine and strong inhibitors of CYP3A and P-glycoprotein.

 

Darunavir 400 mg tablets contain sunset yellow FCF (E110) which may cause an allergic reaction.

The interaction profile of Darunavir may differ depending on whether ritonavir or cobicistat is used as pharmacoenhancer.The recommendations given for concomitant use of Darunavir and other medicinal products may therefore differ depending on whether Darunavir is boosted with ritonavir or cobicistat and caution is also required during the first time of treatment if switching the pharmacoenhancer from ritonavir to cobicistat.

 

Medicinal products that affect Darunavir exposure (ritonavir as pharmacoenhancer)

Darunavir and ritonavir are metabolised by CYP3A. Medicinal products that induce CYP3A activity would be expected to increase the clearance of Darunavir and ritonavir, resulting in lowered plasma concentrations of these compounds and consequently that of Darunavir, leading to loss of therapeutic effect and possible development of resistance. CYP3A inducers that are contraindicated include rifampicin, St John's wort and lopinavir.

 

Co-administration of Darunavir and ritonavir with other medicinal products that inhibit CYP3A may decrease the clearance of Darunavir and ritonavir, which may result in increased plasma concentrations of Darunavir and ritonavir. Coadministration with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors is not recommended and caution is warranted, these interactions are described in the interaction table below (e.g. indinavir, azole antifungals like clotrimazole).

 

Medicinal products that affect Darunavir exposure (cobicistat as pharmacoenhancer)

Darunavir and cobicistat are metabolised by CYP3A, and co-administration with CYP3A inducers may therefore result in sub therapeutic plasma exposure to Darunavir. Darunavir boosted with cobicistat is more sensitive to CYP3A induction than ritonavir-boosted Darunavir: co-administration of Darunavir/cobicistat with medicinal products that are strong inducers of CYP3A (e.g. St John's wort, rifampicin, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, and phenytoin) is contraindicated. Co-administration of Darunavir/cobicistat with weak to moderate CYP3A inducers (e.g. efavirenz, etravirine, Nevirapine, boceprevir, fluticasone, and bosentan) is not recommended (see interaction table below).

 

For co-administration with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors, the same recommendations apply independent of whether Darunavir is boosted with ritonavir or with cobicistat (see section above).

 

Medicinal products that may be affected by Darunavir boosted with ritonavir

Darunavir and ritonavir are inhibitors of CYP3A, CYP2D6 and P-gp. Co-administration of Darunavir/ritonavir with medicinal products primarily metabolised by CYP3A and/or CYP2D6 or transported by P-gp may result in increased systemic exposure to such medicinal products, which could increase or prolong their therapeutic effect and adverse reactions.

 

Darunavir co-administered with low dose ritonavir must not be combined with medicinal products that are highly dependent on CYP3A for clearance and for which increased systemic exposure is associated with serious and/or life threatening events (narrow therapeutic index)

The overall pharmacokinetic enhancement effect by ritonavir was an approximate 14-fold increase in the systemic exposure of Darunavir when a single dose of 600 mg Darunavir was given orally in combination with ritonavir at 100 mg twice daily. Therefore, Darunavir must only be used in combination with a pharmacokinetic enhancer.

A clinical study utilising a cocktail of medicinal products that are metabolised by cytochromes CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 demonstrated an increase in CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 activity and inhibition of CYP2D6 activity in the presence of Darunavir/ritonavir, which may be attributed to the presence of low dose ritonavir. Co-administration of Darunavir and ritonavir with medicinal products which are primarily metabolised by CYP2D6 (such as flecainide, propafenone, metoprolol) may result in increased plasma concentrations of these medicinal products, which could increase or prolong their therapeutic effect and adverse reactions. Co-administration of Darunavir and ritonavir and medicinal products primarily metabolised by CYP2C9 (such as warfarin) and CYP2C19 (such as methadone) may result in decreased systemic exposure to such medicinal products, which could decrease or shorten their therapeutic effect.

 

Although the effect on CYP2C8 has only been studied in vitro, co-administration of Darunavir and ritonavir and medicinal products primarily metabolised by CYP2C8 (such as paclitaxel, rosiglitazone, repaglinide) may result in decreased systemic exposure to such medicinal products, which could decrease or shorten their therapeutic effect.

Ritonavir inhibits the transporters P-glycoprotein, OATP1B1 and OATP1B3, and co-administration with substrates of these transporters can result in increased plasma concentrations of these compounds (e.g. dabigatran etexilate, digoxin, statins and bosentan; see the Interaction table below).

 

Medicinal products that may be affected by Darunavir boosted with cobicistat

The recommendations for Darunavir boosted with ritonavir are adequate also for Darunavir boosted with cobicistat with regard to substrates of CYP3A4, CYP2D6, P-glycoprotein, OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 (see contraindications and recommendations presented in the section above). Cobicistat 150 mg given with Darunavir 800 mg once daily enhances Darunavir pharmacokinetic parameters in a comparable way to ritonavir.

 

Unlike ritonavir, cobicistat does not induce CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 or UGT1A1. For further information on cobicistat, consult the cobicistat Summary of Product Characteristics.

 

Interaction table

Interaction studies have only been performed in adults.

 

Several of the interactions studies (indicated by #in the table below) have been performed at lower than recommended doses of Darunavir or with a different dosing regimen. The effects on co-administered doses of Darunavir or with a different dosing regimen. The effects on co-administered medicinal products may thus be underestimated and clinical monitoring of safety may be indicated.

 

The interaction profile of Darunavir depends on whether ritonavir or cobicistat is used as pharmacokinetic enhancer. Darunavir may therefore have different recommendations for concomitant medications depending on whether the compound is boosted with ritonavir or cobicistat. No interaction studies presented in the table have been performed with Darunavir boosted with cobicistat. The same recommendations apply, unless specifically indicated. For further information on cobicistat, consult the cobicistat Summary of Product Characteristics.

 

Interactions between Darunavir/ritonavir and antiretroviral and non-antiretroviral medicinal products are listed in the table below (not determined as “ND”). The direction of the arrow for each pharmacokinetic parameter is based on the 90% confidence interval of the geometric mean ratio being within (↔), below (↓) or above (↑) the 80-125% range.

 

In the table below the specific pharmacokinetic enhancer is specified when recommendations differ. When the recommendation is the same for Darunavir when co-administered with a low dose ritonavir or cobicistat, the term “boosted Darunavir” is used.

 

 

INTERACTIONS AND DOSE RECOMMENDATIONS WITH OTHER MEDICINAL PRODUCTS
Medicinal products by therapeutic areas	Interaction Geometric mean change (%)	Recommendations concerning co-administration
HIV ANTIRETROVIRALS
Integrase strand transfer inhibitors
Dolutegravir	dolutegravir AUC ↓ 22% dolutegravir C24h ↓ 38% dolutegravir Cmax ↓ 11% Darunavir ↔* * Using cross-study comparisons to historical pharmacokinetic data	Boosted Darunavir and dolutegravir can be used without dose adjustment.
Raltegravir	Some clinical studies suggest raltegravir may cause a modest decrease in Darunavir plasma concentrations.	At present the effect of raltegravir on Darunavir plasma concentrations does not appear to be clinically relevant. Boosted Darunavir and raltegravir can be used without dose adjustments.
Nucleo(s/t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)
Didanosine 400 mg once daily	didanosine AUC ↓ 9% didanosine Cmin ND didanosine Cmax ↓ 16% Darunavir AUC ↔ Darunavir Cmin ↔ Darunavir Cmax ↔	Boosted Darunavir and didanosine can be used without dose adjustments. Didanosine is to be administered on an empty stomach, thus it should be administered 1 hour before or 2 hours after boosted Darunavir given with food.
Tenofovir disoproxil 245 mg once daily‡	tenofovir AUC ↑ 22% tenofovir Cmin ↑ 37% tenofovir Cmax ↑ 24% #Darunavir AUC ↑ 21% #Darunavir Cmin ↑ 24% #Darunavir Cmax ↑ 16% (↑ tenofovir from effect on MDR-1 transport in the renal tubules)	Monitoring of renal function may be indicated when boosted Darunavir is given in combination with tenofovir disoproxil, particularly in patients with underlying systemic or renal disease, or in patients taking nephrotoxic agents. Darunavir co-administered with cobicistat lowers the creatinine clearance. Refer to section 4.4 if creatinine clearance is used for dose adjustment of tenofovir disoproxil.
Emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide	Tenofovir alafenamide ↔ Tenofovir ↑	The recommended dose of emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide is 200/10 mg once daily when used with boosted Darunavir
Abacavir Emtricitabine Lamivudine Stavudine Zidovudine	Not studied. Based on the different elimination pathways of the other NRTIs zidovudine, emtricitabine, stavudine, lamivudine, that are primarily renally excreted, and abacavir for which metabolism is not mediated by CYP450, no interactions are expected for these medicinal compounds and boosted Darunavir.	Boosted Darunavir can be used with these NRTIs without dose adjustment. Darunavir co-administered with cobicistat lowers the creatinine clearance. Refer to section 4.4 if creatinine clearance is used for dose adjustment of emtricitabine or lamivudine.
Non-nucleo(s/t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)
Efavirenz 600 mg once daily	efavirenz AUC ↑ 21% efavirenz Cmin ↑ 17% efavirenz Cmax ↑ 15% #Darunavir AUC ↓ 13% #Darunavir Cmin ↓ 31% #Darunavir Cmax ↓ 15% (↑ efavirenz from CYP3A inhibition) (↓ Darunavir from CYP3A induction)	Clinical monitoring for central nervous system toxicity associated with increased exposure to efavirenz may be indicated when Darunavir co-administered with low dose ritonavir is given in combination with efavirenz. Efavirenz in combination with Darunavir /ritonavir 800/100 mg once daily may result in sub-optimal Darunavir Cmin. If efavirenz is to be used in combination with Darunavir /ritonavir, the Darunavir /ritonavir 600/100 mg twice daily regimen should be used. Co-administration with Darunavir co-administered with cobicistat is not recommended.
Etravirine 100 mg twice daily	etravirine AUC ↓ 37% etravirine Cmin ↓ 49% etravirine Cmax ↓ 32% Darunavir AUC ↑ 15% Darunavir Cmin ↔ Darunavir Cmax ↔	Darunavir co-administered with low dose ritonavir and etravirine 200 mg twice daily can be used without dose adjustments. Co-administration with Darunavir co-administered with cobicistat is not recommended.
Nevirapine 200 mg twice daily	nevirapine AUC ↑ 27% nevirapine Cmin ↑ 47% nevirapine Cmax ↑ 18% #Darunavir: concentrations were consistent with historical data (↑ nevirapine from CYP3A inhibition)	Darunavir co-administered with low dose ritonavir and nevirapine can be used without dose adjustments. Co-administration with Darunavir co-administered with cobicistat is not recommended.
Rilpivirine 150 mg once daily	rilpivirine AUC ↑ 130% rilpivirine Cmin ↑ 178% rilpivirine Cmax ↑ 79% Darunavir AUC ↔ Darunavir Cmin ↓ 11% Darunavir Cmax ↔	Boosted Darunavir and rilpivirine can be used without dose adjustments.
HIV Protease inhibitors (PIs) - without additional co-administration of low dose ritonavir†
Atazanavir 300 mg once daily	atazanavir AUC ↔ atazanavir Cmin ↑ 52% atazanavir Cmax ↓ 11% #Darunavir AUC ↔ #Darunavir Cmin ↔ #Darunavir Cmax ↔ Atazanavir: comparison of atazanavir/ritonavir 300/100 mg once daily vs. atazanavir 300 mg once daily in combination with Darunavir/ritonavir 400/100 mg twice daily. Darunavir: comparison of Darunavir/ritonavir 400/100 mg twice daily vs. Darunavir/ritonavir 400/100 mg twice daily in combination with atazanavir 300 mg once daily.	Darunavir co-administered with low dose ritonavir and atazanavir can be used without dose adjustments. Darunavir co-administered with cobicistat should not be used in combination with another antiretroviral agent that requires pharmacoenhancement by means of co-administration with an inhibitor of CYP3A4.
Indinavir 800 mg twice daily	indinavir AUC ↑ 23% indinavir Cmin ↑ 125% indinavir Cmax ↔ #Darunavir AUC ↑ 24% #Darunavir Cmin ↑ 44% #Darunavir Cmax ↑ 11% Indinavir: comparison of indinavir/ritonavir 800/100 mg twice daily vs. indinavir/Darunavir/ritonavir 800/400/100 mg twice daily. Darunavir: comparison of Darunavir/ritonavir 400/100 mg twice daily vs. Darunavir/ritonavir 400/100 mg in combination with indinavir 800 mg twice daily.	When used in combination with Darunavir co-administered with low dose ritonavir, dose adjustment of indinavir from 800 mg twice daily to 600 mg twice daily may be warranted in case of intolerance. Darunavir co-administered with cobicistat should not be used in combination with another antiretroviral agent that requires pharmacoenhancement by means of co-administration with an inhibitor of CYP3A4.
Saquinavir 1,000 mg twice daily	#Darunavir AUC ↓ 26% #Darunavir Cmin ↓ 42% #Darunavir Cmax ↓ 17% saquinavir AUC ↓ 6% saquinavir Cmin ↓ 18% saquinavir Cmax ↓ 6% Saquinavir: comparison of saquinavir/ritonavir 1,000/100 mg twice daily vs. saquinavir/Darunavir/ritonavir 1,000/400/100 mg twice daily Darunavir: comparison of Darunavir/ritonavir 400/100 mg twice daily vs. Darunavir/ritonavir 400/100 mg in combination with saquinavir 1,000 mg twice daily.	It is not recommended to combine Darunavir co-administered with low dose ritonavir with saquinavir. Darunavir co-administered with cobicistat should not be used in combination with another antiretroviral agent that requires pharmacoenhancement by means of co-administration with an inhibitor of CYP3A4.
HIV Protease inhibitors (PIs) - with co-administration of low dose ritonavir†
Lopinavir/ritonavir 400/100 mg twice daily         Lopinavir/ritonavir 533/133.3 mg twice daily	lopinavir AUC ↑ 9% lopinavir Cmin ↑ 23% lopinavir Cmax ↓ 2% Darunavir AUC ↓ 38%‡ Darunavir Cmin ↓ 51%‡ Darunavir Cmax ↓ 21%‡ lopinavir AUC ↔ lopinavir Cmin ↑ 13% lopinavir Cmax ↑ 11% Darunavir AUC ↓ 41% Darunavir Cmin ↓ 55% Darunavir Cmax ↓ 21% ‡ based upon non dose normalised values	Due to a decrease in the exposure (AUC) of Darunavir by 40%, appropriate doses of the combination have not been established. Hence, concomitant use of boosted Darunavir and the combination product lopinavir/ritonavir is contraindicated.
CCR5 ANTAGONIST
Maraviroc 150 mg twice daily	maraviroc AUC ↑ 305% maraviroc Cmin ND maraviroc Cmax ↑ 129% Darunavir, ritonavir concentrations were consistent with historical data	The maraviroc dose should be 150 mg twice daily when co-administered with boosted Darunavir
α1-ADRENORECEPTOR ANTAGONIST
Alfuzosin	Based on theoretical considerations Darunavir is expected to increase alfuzosin plasma concentrations. (CYP3A inhibition)	Co-administration of boosted Darunavir and alfuzosin is contraindicated.
ANAESTHETIC
Alfentanil	Not studied. The metabolism of alfentanil is mediated via CYP3A, and may as such be inhibited by boosted Darunavir	The concomitant use with boosted Darunavir may require to lower the dose of alfentanil and requires monitoring for risks of prolonged or delayed respiratory depression.
ANTIANGINA/ANTIARRHYTHMIC
Disopyramide Flecainide Lidocaine (systemic) Mexiletine Propafenone   Amiodarone Bepridil Dronedarone Quinidine Ranolazine	Not studied. Boosted Darunavir is expected to increase these antiarrhythmic plasma concentrations. (CYP3A and/or CYP2D6 inhibition)	Caution is warranted and therapeutic concentration monitoring, if available, is recommended for these antiarrhythmics when co-administered with boosted Darunavir.   Boosted Darunavir and amiodarone, bepridil, dronedarone, quinidine, or ranolazine is contraindicated.
Digoxin 0.4 mg single dose	digoxin AUC ↑ 61% digoxin Cmin ND digoxin Cmax ↑ 29% (↑ digoxin from probable inhibition of P-gp)	Given that digoxin has a narrow therapeutic index, it is recommended that the lowest possible dose of digoxin should initially be prescribed in case digoxin is given to patients on boosted Darunavir therapy. The digoxin dose should be carefully titrated to obtain the desired clinical effect while assessing the overall clinical state of the subject.
ANTIBIOTIC
Clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily	clarithromycin AUC ↑ 57% clarithromycin Cmin ↑ 174% clarithromycin Cmax ↑ 26% #Darunavir AUC ↓ 13% #Darunavir Cmin ↑ 1% #Darunavir Cmax ↓ 17% 14-OH-clarithromycin concentrations were not detectable when combined with Darunavir /ritonavir. (↑ clarithromycin from CYP3A inhibition and possible P-gp inhibition)	Caution should be exercised when clarithromycin is combined with boosted Darunavir For patients with renal impairment the Summary of Product Characteristics for clarithromycin should be consulted for the recommended dose.
ANTICOAGULANT/PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITOR
Apixaban Edoxaban Rivaroxaban	Not studied. Co-administration of boosted Darunavir with these anticoagulants may increase concentrations of the anticoagulant, which may lead to an increased bleeding risk. (CYP3A and/or P-gp inhibition)	The use of boosted Darunavir and these anticoagulants is not recommended.
Dabigatran Ticagrelor	Not studied. Co-administration with boosted Darunavir may lead to a substantial increase in exposure to dabigatran or ticagrelor.	Concomitant administration of boosted Darunavir with dabigatran or ticagrelor is contraindicated. Use of other antiplatelets not affected by CYP inhibition or induction (e.g. prasugrel) is recommended.
Warfarin	Not studied. Warfarin concentrations may be affected when co-administered with boosted Darunavir.	It is recommended that the international normalised ratio (INR) be monitored when warfarin is combined with boosted Darunavir
ANTICONVULSANTS
Phenobarbital Phenytoin	Not studied. Phenobarbital and phenytoin are expected to decrease plasma concentrations of Darunavir and its pharmacoenhancer. (induction of CYP450 enzymes)	Darunavir co-administered with low dose ritonavir should not be used in combination with these medicines. The use of these medicines with Darunavir /cobicistat is contraindicated.
Carbamazepine 200 mg twice daily	carbamazepine AUC ↑ 45% carbamazepine Cmin ↑ 54% carbamazepine Cmax ↑ 43% Darunavir AUC ↔ Darunavir Cmin ↓ 15% Darunavir Cmax ↔	No dose adjustment for Darunavir /ritonavir is recommended. If there is a need to combine Darunavir /ritonavir and carbamazepine, patients should be monitored for potential carbamazepine-related adverse events. Carbamazepine concentrations should be monitored and its dose should be titrated for adequate response. Based upon the findings, the carbamazepine dose may need to be reduced by 25% to 50% in the presence of Darunavir /ritonavir. The use of carbamazepine with Darunavir co-administered with cobicistat is contraindicated.
Clonazepam	Not studied. Co-administration of boosted Darunavir with clonazepam may increase concentrations of clonazepam. (CYP3A inhibition)	Clinical monitoring is recommended when co-administering boosted Darunavir and clonazepam.
ANTIDEPRESSANTS
Paroxetine 20 mg once daily         Sertraline 50 mg once daily                   Amitriptyline Desipramine Imipramine Nortriptyline Trazodone	paroxetine AUC ↓ 39% paroxetine Cmin ↓ 37% paroxetine Cmax ↓ 36% #Darunavir AUC ↔ #Darunavir Cmin ↔ #Darunavir Cmax ↔ sertraline AUC ↓ 49% sertraline Cmin ↓ 49% sertraline Cmax ↓ 44% #Darunavir AUC ↔ #Darunavir Cmin ↓ 6% #Darunavir Cmax ↔ In contrast to these data with Darunavir /ritonavir, Darunavir /cobicistat may increase these antidepressant plasma concentrations (CYP2D6 and/or CYP3A inhibition). Concomitant use of boosted Darunavir and these antidepressants may increase concentrations of the antidepressant. (CYP2D6 and/or CYP3A inhibition)	If antidepressants are co-administered with boosted Darunavir, the recommended approach is a dose titration of the antidepressant based on a clinical assessment of antidepressant response. In addition, patients on a stable dose of these antidepressants who start treatment with boosted Darunavir should be monitored for antidepressant response.             Clinical monitoring is recommended when co-administering boosted Darunavir with these antidepressants and a dose adjustment of the antidepressant may be needed.
ANTI-DIABETICS
Metformin	Not studied. Based on theoretical considerations Darunavir co-administered with cobicistat is expected to increase metformin plasma concentrations. (MATE1 inhibition)	Careful patient monitoring and dose adjustment of metformin is recommended in patients who are taking Darunavir co-administered with cobicistat. (not applicable for Darunavir co-administered with ritonavir)
ANTIEMETICS
Domperidone	Not studied	Co-administration of domperidone with boosted Darunavir is contraindicated.
ANTIFUNGALS
Voriconazole	Not studied. Ritonavir may decrease plasma concentrations of voriconazole. (induction of CYP450 enzymes) Concentrations of voriconazole may increase or decrease when co-administered with Darunavir co-administered with cobicistat. (inhibition of CYP450 enzymes)	Voriconazole should not be combined with boosted Darunavir unless an assessment of the benefit/risk ratio justifies the use of voriconazole.
Fluconazole Isavuconazole Itraconazole Posaconazole   Clotrimazole	Not studied. Boosted Darunavir may increase antifungal plasma concentrations and posaconazole, isavuconazole, itraconazole or fluconazole may increase Darunavir concentrations. (CYP3A and/or P-gp inhibition) Not studied. Concomitant systemic use of clotrimazole and boosted Darunavir may increase plasma concentrations of Darunavir and/or clotrimazole. Darunavir AUC24h ↑ 33% (based on population pharmacokinetic model)	Caution is warranted and clinical monitoring is recommended. When co-administration is required the daily dose of itraconazole should not exceed 200 mg.
ANTIGOUT MEDICINES
Colchicine	Not studied. Concomitant use of colchicine and boosted Darunavir may increase the exposure to colchicine. (CYP3A and/ or P-gp inhibition)	A reduction in colchicine dosage or an interruption of colchicine treatment is recommended in patients with normal renal or hepatic function if treatment with boosted Darunavir is required. For patients with renal or hepatic impairment colchicine with boosted Darunavir is contraindicated
ANTIMALARIALS
Artemether/Lumefantrine 80/480 mg, 6 doses at 0, 8, 24, 36, 48, and 60 hours	artemether AUC ↓ 16% artemether Cmin ↔ artemether Cmax ↓ 18% dihydroartemisinin AUC ↓ 18% dihydroartemisinin Cmin ↔ dihydroartemisinin Cmax ↓ 18% lumefantrine AUC ↑ 175% lumefantrine Cmin ↑ 126% lumefantrine Cmax ↑ 65% Darunavir AUC ↔ Darunavir Cmin ↓ 13% Darunavir Cmax ↔	The combination of boosted Darunavir and artemether/ lumefantrine can be used without dose adjustments; however, due to the increase in lumefantrine exposure, the combination should be used with caution.
ANTIMYCOBACTERIALS
Rifampicin Rifapentine	Not studied. Rifapentine and rifampicin are strong CYP3A inducers and have been shown to cause profound decreases in concentrations of other protease inhibitors, which can result in virological failure and resistance development (CYP450 enzyme induction). During attempts to overcome the decreased exposure by increasing the dose of other protease inhibitors with low dose ritonavir, a high frequency of liver reactions was seen with rifampicin.	The combination of rifapentine and boosted Darunavir is not recommended. The combination of rifampicin and boosted Darunavir is contraindicated
Rifabutin 150 mg once every other day	rifabutin AUC** ↑ 55% rifabutin Cmin** ↑ ND rifabutin Cmax** ↔ Darunavir AUC ↑ 53% Darunavir Cmin ↑ 68% Darunavir Cmax ↑ 39% ** sum of active moieties of rifabutin (parent drug + 25-O-desacetyl metabolite) The interaction trial showed a comparable daily systemic exposure for rifabutin between treatment at 300 mg once daily alone and 150 mg once every other day in combination with Darunavir /ritonavir (600/100 mg twice daily) with an about 10-fold increase in the daily exposure to the active metabolite 25-O-desacetylrifabutin. Furthermore, AUC of the sum of active moieties of rifabutin (parent drug + 25-O-desacetyl metabolite) was increased 1.6-fold, while Cmax remained comparable. Data on comparison with a 150 mg once daily reference dose is lacking. (Rifabutin is an inducer and substrate of CYP3A.) An increase of systemic exposure to Darunavir was observed when Darunavir co-administered with 100 mg ritonavir was co-administered with rifabutin (150 mg once every other day).	A dosage reduction of rifabutin by 75% of the usual dose of 300 mg/day (i.e. rifabutin 150 mg once every other day) and increased monitoring for rifabutin related adverse events is warranted in patients receiving the combination with Darunavir co-administered with ritonavir. In case of safety issues, a further increase of the dosing interval for rifabutin and/or monitoring of rifabutin levels should be considered. Consideration should be given to official guidance on the appropriate treatment of tuberculosis in HIV infected patients. Based upon the safety profile of Darunavir ritonavir, the increase in Darunavir exposure in the presence of rifabutin does not warrant a dose adjustment for Darunavir /ritonavir. Based on pharmacokinetic modeling, this dosage reduction of 75% is also applicable if patients receive rifabutin at doses other than 300 mg/day. Co-administration of Darunavir co-administered with cobicistat and rifabutin is not recommended.
ANTINEOPLASTICS
Dasatinib Nilotinib Vinblastine Vincristine Everolimus Irinotecan	Not studied. Boosted Darunavir is expected to increase these antineoplastic plasma concentrations. (CYP3A inhibition)	Concentrations of these medicinal products may be increased when co-administered with boosted Darunavir resulting in the potential for increased adverse events usually associated with these agents. Caution should be exercised when combining one of these antineoplastic agents with boosted Darunavir Concominant use of everolimus and boosted Darunavir is not recommended.
ANTIPSYCHOTICS/NEUROLEPTICS
Quetiapine	Not studied. Boosted Darunavir is expected to increase these antipsychotic plasma concentrations. (CYP3A inhibition)	Concomitant administration of boosted Darunavir and quetiapine is contraindicated as it may increase quetiapine-related toxicity. Increased concentrations of quetiapine may lead to coma.
Perphenazine Risperidone Thioridazine Lurasidone Pimozide Sertindole	Not studied. Boosted Darunavir is expected to increase these antipsychotic plasma concentrations. (CYP3A, CYP2D6 and/or P-gp inhibition)	A dose decrease may be needed for these drugs when co-administered with boosted Darunavir Concominant administration of boosted Darunavir and lurasidone, pimozide or sertindole is contraindicated.
β-BLOCKERS
Carvedilol Metoprolol Timolol	Not Studied. Boosted Darunavir is expected to increase these β-blocker plasma concentrations. (CYP2D6 inhibition)	Clinical monitoring is recommended when co-administering boosted Darunavir with β-blockers. A lower dose of the β-blocker should be considered.
CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS
Amlodipine Diltiazem Felodipine Nicardipine Nifedipine Verapamil	Not studied. Boosted Darunavir can be expected to increase the plasma concentrations of calcium channel blockers. (CYP3A and/or CYP2D6 inhibition)	Clinical monitoring of therapeutic and adverse effects is recommended when these medicines are concomitantly administered with boosted Darunavir.
CORTICOSTEROIDS
Corticosteroids primarily metabolised by CYP3A (including betamethasone, budesonide, fluticasone, mometasone, prednisone, triamcinolone)	Fluticasone: in a clinical study where ritonavir 100 mg capsules twice daily were co-administered with 50 μg intranasal fluticasone propionate (4 times daily) for 7 days in healthy subjects, fluticasone propionate plasma concentrations increased significantly, whereas the intrinsic cortisol levels decreased by approximately 86% (90% CI 82-89%). Greater effects may be expected when fluticasone is inhaled. Systemic corticosteroid effects including Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression have been reported in patients receiving ritonavir and inhaled or intranasally administered fluticasone. The effects of high fluticasone systemic exposure on ritonavir plasma levels are unknown. Other corticosteroids: interaction not studied. Plasma concentrations of these medicinal products may be increased when co-administered with boosted Darunavir resulting in reduced serum cortisol concentrations.	Concomitant use of boosted Darunavir and corticosteroids that are metabolised by CYP3A (e.g. fluticasone propionate or other inhaled or nasal corticosteroids) may increase the risk of development of systemic corticosteroid effects, including Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression. Co-administration with CYP3A-metabolised corticosteroids is not recommended unless the potential benefit to the patient outweighs the risk, in which case patients should be monitored for systemic corticosteroid effects. Alternative corticosteroids which are less dependent on CYP3A metabolism e.g. beclomethasone for intranasal or inhalational use should be considered, particularly for long term use.
Dexamethasone (systemic)	Not studied. Dexamethasone may decrease plasma concentrations of Darunavir. (CYP3A induction)	Systemic dexamethasone should be used with caution when combined with boosted Darunavir
ENDOTHELIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS
Bosentan	Not studied. Concomitant use of bosentan and boosted Darunavir may increase plasma concentrations of bosentan. Bosentan is expected to decrease plasma concentrations of Darunavir and/or its pharmacoenhancer. (CYP3A induction)	When administered concomitantly with Darunavir and low dose ritonavir, the patient's tolerability of bosentan should be monitored. Co-administration of Darunavir co-administered with cobicistat and bosentan is not recommended.
HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) DIRECT-ACTING ANTIVIRALS
NS3-4A protease inhibitors
Elbasvir/grazoprevir	Boosted Darunavir may increase the exposure to grazoprevir. (CYP3A and OATP1B inhibition)	Concomitant use of boosted Darunavir and elbasvir/grazoprevir is contraindicated.
Boceprevir 800 mg three times daily	boceprevir AUC ↓ 32% boceprevir Cmin ↓ 35% boceprevir Cmax ↓ 25% Darunavir AUC ↓ 44% Darunavir Cmin ↓ 59% Darunavir Cmax ↓ 36%	It is not recommended to co-administer boosted Darunavir and boceprevir.
Glecaprevir/pibrentasvir	Based on theoretical considerations boosted Darunavir may increase the exposure to glecaprevir and pibrentasvir. (P gp, BCRP and/or OATP1B1/3 inhibition)	It is not recommended to co-administer boosted Darunavir with glecaprevir/pibrentasvir.
Simeprevir	simeprevir AUC ↑ 159% simeprevir Cmin ↑ 358% simeprevir Cmax ↑ 79% Darunavir AUC ↑ 18% Darunavir Cmin ↑ 31% Darunavir Cmax ↔ The dose of simeprevir in this interaction study was 50 mg when co-administered in combination with Darunavir/ritonavir, compared to 150 mg in the simeprevir alone treatment group.	It is not recommended to co-administer boosted Darunavir and simeprevir.
HERBAL PRODUCTS
St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum)	Not studied. St John's wort is expected to decrease the plasma concentrations of Darunavir or its pharmacoenhancers. (CYP450 induction)	Boosted Darunavir must not be used concomitantly with products containing St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum). If a patient is already taking St John's wort, stop St John's wort and if possible check viral levels. Darunavir exposure (and also ritonavir exposure) may increase on stopping St John's wort. The inducing effect may persist for at least 2 weeks after cessation of treatment with St John's wort.
HMG CO-A REDUCTASE INHIBITORS
Lovastatin Simvastatin	Not studied. Lovastatin and simvastatin are expected to have markedly increased plasma concentrations when co-administered with boosted Darunavir (CYP3A inhibition)	Increased plasma concentrations of lovastatin or simvastatin may cause myopathy, including rhabdomyolysis. Concomitant use of boosted Darunavir with lovastatin and simvastatin is therefore contraindicated.
Atorvastatin 10 mg once daily	atorvastatin AUC ↑ 3-4 fold atorvastatin Cmin ↑ ≈5.5-10 fold atorvastatin Cmax ↑ ≈2 fold #Darunavir/ritonavir atorvastatin AUC ↑ 290% Ω atorvastatin Cmax ↑ 319% Ω atorvastatin Cmin ND Ω Ω with Darunavir/cobicistat 800/150 mg	When administration of atorvastatin and boosted Darunavir is desired, it is recommended to start with an atorvastatin dose of 10 mg once daily. A gradual dose increase of atorvastatin may be tailored to the clinical response.
Pravastatin 40 mg single dose	pravastatin AUC ↑ 81%¶ pravastatin Cmin ND pravastatin Cmax ↑ 63% ¶ an up to five-fold increase was seen in a limited subset of subjects	When administration of pravastatin and boosted Darunavir is required, it is recommended to start with the lowest possible dose of pravastatin and titrate up to the desired clinical effect while monitoring for safety.
Rosuvastatin 10 mg once daily	rosuvastatin AUC ↑ 48%║ rosuvastatin Cmax ↑ 144%║ ║ based on published data with Darunavir/ritonavir rosuvastatin AUC ↑ 93%§ rosuvastatin Cmax ↑ 277%§ rosuvastatin Cmin ND§ § with Darunavir/cobicistat 800/150 mg	When administration of rosuvastatin and boosted Darunavir is required, it is recommended to start with the lowest possible dose of rosuvastatin and titrate up to the desired clinical effect while monitoring for safety.
OTHER LIPID MODIFYING AGENTS
Lomitapide	Based on theoretical considerations boosted Darunavir is expected to increase the exposure of lomitapide when co-administered. (CYP3A inhibition)	Co-administration is contraindicated
H2-RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS
Ranitidine 150 mg twice daily	#Darunavir AUC ↔ #Darunavir Cmin ↔ #Darunavir Cmax ↔	Boosted Darunavir can be co-administered with H2-receptor antagonists without dose adjustments.
IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS
Ciclosporin Sirolimus Tacrolimus   Everolimus	Not studied. Exposure to these immune suppressants will be increased when co-administered with boosted Darunavir. (CYP3A inhibition)	Therapeutic drug monitoring of the immunosuppressive agent must be done when co-administration occurs.   Concomitant use of everolimus and boosted Darunavir is not recommended.
INHALED BETA AGONISTS
Salmeterol	Not studied. Concomitant use of salmeterol and boosted Darunavir may increase plasma concentrations of salmeterol.	Concomitant use of salmeterol and boosted Darunavir is not recommended. The combination may result in increased risk of cardiovascular adverse event with salmeterol, including QT prolongation, palpitations and sinus tachycardia.
NARCOTIC ANALGESICS / TREATMENT OF OPIOID DEPENDENCE
Methadone individual dose ranging from 55 mg to 150 mg once daily	R(-) methadone AUC ↓ 16% R(-) methadone Cmin ↓ 15% R(-) methadone Cmax ↓ 24% Darunavir /cobicistat may, in contrast, increase methadone plasma concentrations (see cobicistat SmPC).	No adjustment of methadone dosage is required when initiating co-administration with boosted Darunavir However, adjustment of the methadone dose may be necessary when concomitantly administered for a longer period of time. Therefore, clinical monitoring is recommended, as maintenance therapy may need to be adjusted in some patients.
Buprenorphine/naloxone 8/2 mg–16/4 mg once daily	buprenorphine AUC ↓ 11% buprenorphine Cmin ↔ buprenorphine Cmax ↓ 8% norbuprenorphine AUC ↑ 46% norbuprenorphine Cmin ↑ 71% norbuprenorphine Cmax ↑ 36% naloxone AUC ↔ naloxone Cmin ND naloxone Cmax ↔	The clinical relevance of the increase in nor buprenorphine pharmacokinetic parameters has not been established. Dose adjustment for buprenorphine may not be necessary when co-administered with boosted Darunavir but a careful clinical monitoring for signs of opiate toxicity is recommended.
Fentanyl Oxycodone Tramadol	Based on theoretical considerations boosted Darunavir may increase plasma concentrations of these analgesics. (CYP2D6 and/or CYP3A inhibition)	Clinical monitoring is recommended when co-administering boosted Darunavir with these analgesics.
OESTROGEN-BASED CONTRACEPTIVES
Drospirenone Ethinylestradiol (3 mg/0.02 mg once daily)           Ethinylestradiol Norethindrone 35 μg/1 mg once daily	drospirenone AUC ↑ 58%€ drospirenone Cmin ND€ drospirenone Cmax ↑ 15%€ ethinylestradiol AUC ↓ 30%€ ethinylestradiol Cmin ND€ ethinylestradiol Cmax ↓ 14%€ € with Darunavir/cobicistat ethinylestradiol AUC ↓ 44%β ethinylestradiol Cmin ↓ 62%β ethinylestradiol Cmax ↓ 32%β norethindrone AUC ↓ 14%β norethindrone Cmin ↓ 30%β norethindrone Cmax ↔β β with Darunavir/ritonavir	When Darunavir is co-administered with a drospirenone-containing product, clinical monitoring is recommended due to the potential for hyperkalaemia. Alternative or additional contraceptive measures are recommended when oestrogen-based contraceptives are co-administered with boosted Darunavir Patients using oestrogens as hormone replacement therapy should be clinically monitored for signs of oestrogen deficiency.
OPIOID ANTAGONIST
Naloxegol	Not studied.	Co-administration of boosted Darunavir and naloxegol is contraindicated.
PHOSPHODIESTERASE, TYPE 5 (PDE-5) INHIBITORS
For the treatment of erectile dysfunction Avanafil Sildenafil Tadalafil Vardenafil	In an interaction study #, a comparable systemic exposure to sildenafil was observed for a single intake of 100 mg sildenafil alone and a single intake of 25 mg sildenafil co-administered with Darunavir and low dose ritonavir.	The combination of avanafil and boosted Darunavir is contraindicated Concomitant use of other PDE-5 inhibitors for the treatment of erectile dysfunction with boosted Darunavir should be done with caution. If concomitant use of boosted Darunavir with sildenafil, vardenafil or tadalafil is indicated, sildenafil at a single dose not exceeding 25 mg in 48 hours, vardenafil at a single dose not exceeding 2.5 mg in 72 hours or tadalafil at a single dose not exceeding 10 mg in 72 hours is recommended.
For the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension Sildenafil Tadalafil	Not studied. Concomitant use of sildenafil or tadalafil for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension and boosted Darunavir may increase plasma concentrations of sildenafil or tadalafil. (CYP3A inhibition)	A safe and effective dose of sildenafil for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension co-administered with boosted Darunavir has not been established. There is an increased potential for sildenafil-associated adverse events (including visual disturbances, hypotension, prolonged erection and syncope). Therefore, co-administration of boosted Darunavir and sildenafil when used for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension is contraindicated. Co-administration of tadalafil for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension with boosted Darunavir is not recommended.
PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS
Omeprazole 20 mg once daily	#Darunavir AUC ↔ #Darunavir Cmin ↔ #Darunavir Cmax ↔	Boosted Darunavir can be co-administered with proton pump inhibitors without dose adjustments.
SEDATIVES/HYPNOTICS
Buspirone Clorazepate Diazepam Estazolam Flurazepam Midazolam (parenteral) Zoldipem                             Midazolam (oral) Triazolam	Not studied. Sedative/hypnotics are extensively metabolised by CYP3A. Co-administration with boosted Darunavir may cause a large increase in the concentration of these medicines. If parenteral midazolam is co-administered with boosted Darunavir it may cause a large increase in the concentration of this benzodiazepine. Data from concomitant use of parenteral midazolam with other protease inhibitors suggest a possible 3-4 fold increase in midazolam plasma levels.	Clinical monitoring is recommended when co-administering boosted Darunavir with these sedatives/hypnotics and a lower dose of the sedatives/hypnotics should be considered. If parenteral midazolam is co-administered with boosted Darunavir it should be done in an intensive care unit (ICU) or similar setting, which ensures close clinical monitoring and appropriate medical management in case of respiratory depression and/or prolonged sedation. Dose adjustment for midazolam should be considered, especially if more than a single dose of midazolam is administered. Boosted Darunavir with triazolam or oral midazolam is contraindicated.
TREATMENT FOR PREMATURE EJACULATION
Dapoxetime	Not studied	Co-administration of boosted Darunavir with dapoxetine is contraindicated.
UROLOGICAL DRUGS
Fesoterodine Solifenacin	Not studied	Use with caution. Monitor for fesoterodine or solifenacin adverse reactions, dose reduction of fesoterodine or solifenacin may be necessary.
# studies have been performed at lower than recommended doses of Darunavir or with a different dosing regimen. † The efficacy and safety of the use of Darunavir with 100 mg ritonavir and any other HIV PI (e.g. (fos) amprenavir, nelfinavir and tipranavir) has not been established in HIV patients. According to current treatment guidelines, dual therapy with protease inhibitors is generally not recommended. ‡ Study was conducted with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate 300 mg once daily.

 

 

Pregnancy

As a general rule, when deciding to use antiretroviral agents for the treatment of HIV infection in pregnant women and consequently for reducing the risk of HIV vertical transmission to the newborn, the animal data as well as the clinical experience in pregnant women should be taken into account.

 

There are no adequate and well controlled studies on pregnancy outcome with Darunavir in pregnant women. Studies in animals do not indicate direct harmful effects with respect to pregnancy, embryonal/foetal development, parturition or postnatal development.

 

Darunavir co-administered with low dose ritonavir should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk.

 

Treatment with Darunavir/cobicistat 800/150 mg during pregnancy results in low Darunavir exposure. which may be associated with an increased risk of treatment failure and an increased risk of HIV transmission to the child. Therapy with Darunavir /cobicistat should not be initiated during pregnancy, and women who become pregnant during therapy with Darunavir /cobicistat should be switched to an alternative regimen.

 

Breast-feeding

It is not known whether Darunavir is excreted in human milk. Studies in rats have demonstrated that Darunavir is excreted in milk and at high levels (1,000 mg/kg/day) resulted in toxicity. Because of both the potential for HIV transmission and the potential for adverse reactions in breast-fed infants, mothers should be instructed not to breast-feed under any circumstances if they are receiving Darunavir.

 

Fertility

No human data on the effect of Darunavir on fertility are available. There was no effect on mating or fertility with Darunavir treatment in rats.

Darunavir in combination with cobicistat or ritonavir has no or negligible influence on the ability to drive and use machines. However, dizziness has been reported in some patients during treatment with regimens containing Darunavir co-administered with cobicistat or low dose ritonavir and should be borne in mind when considering a patient's ability to drive or operate machinery.

Summary of the safety profile

During the clinical development program (N=2,613 treatment-experienced subjects who initiated therapy with Darunavir /ritonavir 600/100 mg twice daily), 51.3% of subjects experienced at least one adverse reaction. The total mean treatment duration for subjects was 95.3 weeks. The most frequent adverse reactions reported in clinical trials and as spontaneous reports are diarrhoea, nausea, rash, headache and vomiting. The most frequent serious reactions are acute renal failure, myocardial infarction, immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, thrombocytopenia, osteonecrosis, diarrhoea, hepatitis and pyrexia.

 

In the 96 week analysis, the safety profile of Darunavir /ritonavir 800/100 mg once daily in treatment naïve subjects was similar to that seen with Darunavir /ritonavir 600/100 mg twice daily in treatment-experienced subjects except for nausea which was observed more frequently in treatment-naïve subjects. This was driven by mild intensity nausea. No new safety findings were identified in the 192 week analysis of the treatment-naïve subjects in which the mean treatment duration of Darunavir /ritonavir 800/100 mg once daily was 162.5 weeks.

 

During the Phase III clinical trial GS-US-216-130 with Darunavir/cobicistat (N=313 treatment-naïve and treatment experienced subjects), 66.5% of subjects experienced at least one adverse reaction. The mean treatment duration was 58.4 weeks. The most frequent adverse reactions reported were diarrhoea (28%), nausea (23%), and rash (16%).Serious adverse reactions are diabetes mellitus, (drug) hypersensitivity, immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, rash and vomiting.

 

For information on cobicistat, consult the cobicistat Summary of Product Characteristics.

 

Tabulated list of adverse reactions

Adverse reactions are listed by system organ class (SOC) and frequency category. Within each frequency category,adverse reactions are presented in order of decreasing seriousness. Frequency categories are defined as follows: very common (≥ 1/10), common (≥ 1/100 to < 1/10), uncommon (≥ 1/1,000 to < 1/100), rare (≥ 1/10,000 to < 1/1,000) and not known (frequency cannot be estimated from the available data).

 

Adverse reactions observed with Darunavir/ritonavir in clinical trials and post-marketing

 

MedDRA system organ class Frequency category	Adverse reaction
Infections and infestations
uncommon	herpes simplex
Blood and lymphatic system disorders
uncommon	thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, anaemia, leukopenia
rare	increased eosinophil count
Immune system disorders
uncommon	immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, (drug) hypersensitivity
Endocrine disorders
uncommon	hypothyroidism, increased blood thyroid stimulating hormone
Metabolism and nutrition disorders
common	diabetes mellitus, hypertriglyceridaemia, hypercholesterolaemia, hyperlipidaemia
uncommon	gout, anorexia, decreased appetite, decreased weight, increased weight, hyperglycaemia, insulin resistance, decreased high density lipoprotein, increased appetite, polydipsia, increased blood lactate dehydrogenase
Psychiatric disorders
common	insomnia
uncommon	depression, disorientation, anxiety, sleep disorder, abnormal dreams, nightmare, decreased libido
rare	confusional state, altered mood, restlessness
Nervous system disorders
common	headache, peripheral neuropathy, dizziness
uncommon	lethargy, paraesthesia, hypoaesthesia, dysgeusia, disturbance in attention, memory impairment, somnolence
rare	syncope, convulsion, ageusia, sleep phase rhythm disturbance
Eye disorders
uncommon	conjunctival hyperaemia, dry eye
rare	visual disturbance
Ear and labyrinth disorders
uncommon	vertigo
Cardiac disorders
uncommon	myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, prolonged electrocardiogram QT, tachycardia
rare	acute myocardial infarction, sinus bradycardia, palpitations
Vascular disorders
uncommon	hypertension, flushing
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
uncommon	dyspnoea, cough, epistaxis, throat irritation
rare	rhinorrhoea
Gastrointestinal disorders
very common	diarrhoea
common	vomiting, nausea, abdominal pain, increased blood amylase, dyspepsia, abdominal distension, flatulence
uncommon	pancreatitis, gastritis, gastroesophageal reflux disease, aphthous stomatitis, retching, dry mouth, abdominal discomfort, constipation, increased lipase, eructation, oral dysaesthesia
rare	stomatitis, haematemesis, cheilitis, dry lip, coated tongue
Hepatobiliary disorders
common	increased alanine aminotransferase
uncommon	hepatitis, cytolytic hepatitis, hepatic steatosis, hepatomegaly, increased transaminase, increased aspartate aminotransferase, increased blood bilirubin, increased blood alkaline phosphatase, increased gamma-glutamyltransferase
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders
common	rash (including macular, maculopapular, papular, erythematous and pruritic rash), pruritus
uncommon	angioedema, generalised rash, allergic dermatitis, urticaria, eczema, erythema, hyperhidrosis, night sweats, alopecia, acne, dry skin, nail pigmentation
rare	DRESS, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, erythema multiforme, dermatitis, seborrhoeic dermatitis, skin lesion, xeroderma
not known	toxic epidermal necrolysis, acute generalised exanthematous pustulosis
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders
uncommon	myalgia, osteonecrosis, muscle spasms, muscular weakness, arthralgia, pain in extremity, osteoporosis, increased blood creatine phosphokinase
rare	musculoskeletal stiffness, arthritis, joint stiffness
Renal and urinary disorders
uncommon	acute renal failure, renal failure, nephrolithiasis, increased blood creatinine, proteinuria, bilirubinuria, dysuria, nocturia, pollakiuria
rare	decreased creatinine renal clearance
Reproductive system and breast disorders
uncommon	erectile dysfunction, gynaecomastia
General disorders and administration site conditions
common	asthenia, fatigue
uncommon	pyrexia, chest pain, peripheral oedema, malaise, feeling hot, irritability, pain
rare	chills, abnormal feeling, xerosis

 

 

Adverse reactions observed with Darunavir/cobicistat in adult patients

MedDRA system organ class Frequency category	Adverse reaction
Immune system disorders
common	(drug) hypersensitivity
uncommon	immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome
Metabolism and nutrition disorders
common	anorexia, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia, hyperlipidaemia
Psychiatric disorders
common	abnormal dreams
Nervous system disorders
very common	headache
Gastrointestinal disorders
very common	diarrhoea, nausea
common	vomiting, abdominal pain, abdominal distension, dyspepsia, flatulence, pancreatic enzymes increased
uncommon	pancreatitis acute
Hepatobiliary disorders
common	hepatic enzyme increased
uncommon	hepatitis*, cytolytic hepatitis*
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders
very common	rash (including macular, maculopapular, papular, erythematous, pruritic rash, generalised rash, and allergic dermatitis)
common	angioedema, pruritus, urticaria
rare	drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms*, Stevens-Johnson syndrome*
not known	toxic epidermal necrolysis*, acute generalised exanthematous pustulosis*
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders
common	myalgia
uncommon	osteonecrosis*
Reproductive system and breast disorders
uncommon	gynaecomastia*
General disorders and administration site conditions
common	fatigue
uncommon	asthenia
Investigations
common	increased blood creatinine
* these adverse drug reactions have not been reported in clinical trial experience with Darunavir/cobicistat but have been noted with Darunavir/ritonavir treatment and could be expected with Darunavir/cobicistat too.

 

Description of selected adverse reactions

Rash

In clinical trials, rash was mostly mild to moderate, often occurring within the first four weeks of treatment and resolving with continued dosing. In cases of severe skin reaction see the warning in section 4.4. In a single arm trial investigating Darunavir 800 mg once daily in combination with cobicistat 150 mg once daily and other antiretrovirals 2.2% of patients discontinued treatment due to rash.

 

During the clinical development program of raltegravir in treatment-experienced patients, rash, irrespective of causality, was more commonly observed with regimens containing Darunavir /ritonavir + raltegravir compared to those containing Darunavir /ritonavir without raltegravir or raltegravir without Darunavir /ritonavir. Rash considered by the investigator to be drug-related occurred at similar rates. The exposure-adjusted rates of rash (all causality) were 10.9, 4.2, and 3.8 per 100 patient-years (PYR), respectively; and for drug-related rash were 2.4, 1.1, and 2.3 per 100 PYR, respectively. The rashes

observed in clinical studies were mild to moderate in severity and did not result in discontinuation of therapy.

Metabolic parameters

Weight and levels of blood lipids and glucose may increase during antiretroviral therapy.

 

Musculosk eletal abnormalities

Increased CPK, myalgia, myositis and rarely, rhabdomyolysis have been reported with the use of protease inhibitors,particularly in combination with NRTIs.

 

Cases of osteonecrosis have been reported, particularly in patients with generally acknowledged risk factors, advanced HIV disease or long-term exposure to combination antiretroviral therapy (CART). The frequency of this is unknown.

 

Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome

In HIV infected patients with severe immune deficiency at the time of initiation of combination antiretroviral therapy (CART), an inflammatory reaction to asymptomatic or residual opportunistic infections may arise. Autoimmune disorders (such as Graves' disease and autoimmune hepatitis) have also been reported; however, the reported time to onset is more variable and these events can occur many months after initiation of treatment.

 

Bleeding in haemophiliac patients

There have been reports of increased spontaneous bleeding in haemophiliac patients receiving antiretroviral protease inhibitors.

 

Paediatric population

The safety assessment in paediatric patients is based on the 48-week analysis of safety data from three Phase II trials.The following patient populations were evaluated.

 

• 80 ART-experienced HIV-1 infected paediatric patients aged from 6 to 17 years and weighing at least 20 kg who received Darunavir tablets with low dose ritonavir twice daily in combination with other antiretroviral agents.

 

• 21 ART-experienced HIV-1 infected paediatric patients aged from 3 to < 6 years and weighing 10 kg to < 20 kg (16 participants from 15 kg to < 20 kg) who received Darunavir oral suspension with low dose ritonavir twice daily in combination with other antiretroviral agents.

 

• 12 ART-naïve HIV-1 infected paediatric patients aged from 12 to 17 years and weighing at least 40 kg who received Darunavir tablets with low dose ritonavir once daily in combination with other antiretroviral agents.

 

Overall, the safety profile in these paediatric patients was similar to that observed in the adult population.

 

Other special populations

Patients co-infected with hepatitis B and/or hepatitis C virus

Among 1,968 treatment-experienced patients receiving Darunavir co-administered with ritonavir 600/100 mg twice daily,236 patients were co-infected with hepatitis B or C. Co-infected patients were more likely to have baseline and treatment emergent hepatic transaminase elevations than those without chronic viral hepatitis.

 

To report any side effect(s):

·         Saudi Arabia:

-            The National Pharmacovigilance and Drug Safety Center (NPC)   ·         Fax: +966-11-205-7662 ·         Call NPC at +966-11-2038222, Ext 2317-2356-2340 ·         SFDA Call Center: 19999 ·         E-mail: npc.drug@sfda.gov.sa ·         Website: https://ade.sfda.gov.sa/

 

Human experience of acute overdose with Darunavir co-administered with cobicistat or low dose ritonavir is limited.Single doses up to 3,200 mg of Darunavir as oral solution alone and up to 1,600 mg of the tablet formulation of Darunavir in combination with ritonavir have been administered to healthy volunteers without untoward symptomatic effects.

 

There is no specific antidote for overdose with Darunavir. Treatment of overdose with Darunavir consists of general supportive measures including monitoring of vital signs and observation of the clinical status of the patient. Since Darunavir is highly protein bound, dialysis is unlikely to be beneficial in significant removal of the active substance.

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Antivirals for systemic use, protease inhibitors.ATC code: J05AE10.

 

Mechanism of action

Darunavir is an inhibitor of the dimerisation and of the catalytic activity of the HIV-1 protease (KD of 4.5 x 10-12M). It selectively inhibits the cleavage of HIV encoded Gag-Pol polyproteins in virus infected cells, thereby preventing the formation of mature infectious virus particles.

 

Antiviral activity in vitro

Darunavir exhibits activity against laboratory strains and clinical isolates of HIV-1 and laboratory strains of HIV-2 in acutely infected T-cell lines, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and human monocytes/macrophages with median EC50 values ranging from 1.2 to 8.5 nM (0.7 to 5.0 ng/ml). Darunavir demonstrates antiviral activity in vitro against a broad panel of HIV-1 group M (A, B, C, D, E, F, G) and group O primary isolates with EC50 values ranging from < 0.1 to 4.3 nM.

 

These EC50 values are well below the 50% cellular toxicity concentration range of 87 μM to > 100 μM.

 

Resistance

In vitro selection of Darunavir-resistant virus from wild type HIV-1 was lengthy (> 3 years). The selected viruses were unable to grow in the presence of Darunavir concentrations above 400 nM. Viruses selected in these conditions and showing decreased susceptibility to Darunavir (range: 23-50-fold) harboured 2 to 4 amino acid substitutions in the protease gene. The decreased susceptibility to Darunavir of the emerging viruses in the selection experiment could not be explained by the emergence of these protease mutations.

 

 

The clinical trial data from ART-experienced patients (TITAN trial and the pooled analysis of the POWER 1, 2 and 3 and DUET 1 and 2 trials) showed that virologic response to Darunavir co-administered with low dose ritonavir was decreased when 3 or more Darunavir RAMs (V11I, V32I, L33F, I47V, I50V, I54L or M, T74P, L76V, I84V and L89V) were present at baseline or when these mutations developed during treatment.

 

Increasing baseline Darunavir fold change in EC50 (FC) was associated with decreasing virologic response. A lower and upper clinical cut-off of 10 and 40 were identified. Isolates with baseline FC ≤ 10 are susceptible; isolates with FC > 10 to 40 have decreased susceptibility; isolates with FC > 40 are resistant.

 

Viruses isolated from patients on Darunavir /ritonavir 600/100 mg twice daily experiencing virologic failure by rebound that were susceptible to tipranavir at baseline remained susceptible to tipranavir after treatment in the vast majority of cases.

 

The lowest rates of developing resistant HIV virus are observed in ART-naïve patients who are treated for the first time with Darunavir in combination with other ART.

 

The table below shows the development of HIV-1 protease mutations and loss of susceptibility to PIs in virologic failures at endpoint in the ARTEMIS, ODIN and TITAN trials.

 

	ARTEMIS Week 192	ODIN Week 48		TITAN Week 48
	Darunavir / ritonavir 800/100 mg once daily N=343	Darunavir / ritonavir 800/100 mg once daily N=294	Darunavir / ritonavir 600/100 mg twice daily N=296	Darunavir / ritonavir 600/100 mg twice daily N=298
Total number of virologic failuresa, n (%)	55 (16.0%)	65 (22.1%)	54 (18.2%)	31 (10.4%)
Rebounders	39 (11.4%)	11 (3.7%)	11 (3.7%)	16 (5.4%)
Never suppressed subjects	16 (4.7%)	54 (18.4%)	43 (14.5%)	15 (5.0%)
Number of subjects with virologic failure and paired baseline/endpoint genotypes, developing mutationsb at endpoint, n/N
Primary (major) PI mutations	0/43	1/60	0/42	6/28
PI RAMs	4/43	7/60	4/42	10/28
Number of subjects with virologic failure and paired baseline/endpoint phenotypes, showing loss of susceptibility to PIs at endpoint compared to baseline, n/N
PI
Darunavir	0/39	1/58	0/41	3/26
amprenavir	0/39	1/58	0/40	0/22
atazanavir	0/39	2/56	0/40	0/22
indinavir	0/39	2/57	0/40	1/24
lopinavir	0/39	1/58	0/40	0/23
saquinavir	0/39	0/56	0/40	0/22
tipranavir	0/39	0/58	0/41	1/25
a TLOVR non-VF censored algorithm based on HIV-1 RNA < 50 copies/ml, except for TITAN (HIV-1 RNA < 400 copies/ml) b IAS-USA lists

 

Low rates of developing resistant HIV-1 virus were observed in ART-naïve patients who are treated for the first time with Darunavir/cobicistat once daily in combination with other ART, and in ART-experienced patients with no Darunavir RAMs receiving Darunavir/cobicistat in combination with other ART. The table below shows the development of HIV-1 protease mutations and resistance to PIs in virologic failures at endpoint in the GS-US-216-130 trial.

 

	GS-US-216-130 Week 48
	Treatment-naïve Darunavir/cobicistat 800/150 mg once daily N=295	Treatment-experienced Darunavir/cobicistat 800/150 mg once daily N=18
Number of subjects with virologic failurea and genotype data that develop mutationsb at endpoint, n/N
Primary (major) PI mutations	0/8	1/7
PI RAMs	2/8	1/7
Number of subjects with virologic failurea and phenotype data that show resistance to PIs at endpointc, n/N
HIV PI
Darunavir	0/8	0/7
amprenavir	0/8	0/7
atazanavir	0/8	0/7
indinavir	0/8	0/7
lopinavir	0/8	0/7
saquinavir	0/8	0/7
tipranavir	0/8	0/7
a Virologic failures were defined as: never suppressed: confirmed HIV-1 RNA < 1 log10 reduction from baseline and ≥ 50 copies/ml at the week-8; rebound: HIV-1 RNA < 50 copies/ml followed by confirmed HIV-1 RNA to ≥ 400 copies/ml or confirmed > 1 log10 HIV-1 RNA increase from the nadir; discontinuations with HIV-1 RNA ≥ 400 copies/ml at last visit b IAS-USA lists c In GS-US216-130 baseline phenotype was not available

 

Cross-resistance

Darunavir FC was less than 10 for 90% of 3,309 clinical isolates resistant to amprenavir, atazanavir, indinavir, lopinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir and/or tipranavir showing that viruses resistant to most PIs remain susceptible to Darunavir.

In the virologic failures of the ARTEMIS trial no cross-resistance with other PIs was observed.

 

In the virologic failures of the GS-US-216-130 trial no cross-resistance with other HIV PIs was observed.

 

Clinical results

The pharmacokinetic enhancing effect of cobicistat on Darunavir was evaluated in a Phase I study in healthy subjects that were administered Darunavir 800 mg with either cobicistat at 150 mg or ritonavir at 100 mg once daily. The steadystate pharmacokinetic parameters of Darunavir were comparable when boosted with cobicistat versus ritonavir. For information on cobicistat, consult the cobicistat Summary of Product Characteristics.

 

Adult patients

 

Efficacy of Darunavir 800 mg once daily co-administered with 150 mg cobicistat once daily in ART-naïve and ART experienced patients

 

GS-US-216-130 is a single arm, open-label, Phase III trial evaluating the pharmacokinetics, safety, tolerability, and efficacy of Darunavir with cobicistat in 313 HIV-1 infected adult patients (295 treatment-naïve and 18 treatmentexperienced).These patients received Darunavir 800 mg once daily in combination with cobicistat 150 mg once daily with an investigator selected background regimen consisting of 2 active NRTIs.

HIV-1 infected patients who were eligible for this trial had a screening genotype showing no Darunavir RAMs and plasma HIV-1 RNA ≥ 1,000 copies/ml.

The table below shows the efficacy data of the 48 week analyses from the GS-US-216-130 trial:

	GS-US-216-130
Outcomes at Week 48	Treatment-naïve Darunavir/cobicistat 800/150 mg once daily + OBR N=295	Treatment-experienced Darunavir/cobicistat 800/150 mg once daily + OBR N=18	All subjects Darunavir/cobicistat 800/150 mg once daily + OBR N=313
HIV-1 RNA < 50 copies/mla	245 (83.1%)	8 (44.4%)	253 (80.8%)
mean HIV-1 RNA log change from baseline (log10 copies/ml)	-3.01	-2.39	-2.97
CD4+ cell count mean change from baselineb	+174	+102	+170
a Imputations according to the TLOVR algorithm b Last Observation Carried Forward imputation

 

Efficacy of Darunavir 800 mg once daily co-administered with 100 mg ritonavir once daily in ART-naïve patients

 

The evidence of efficacy of Darunavir /ritonavir 800/100 mg once daily is based on the analyses of 192 week data from the randomised, controlled, open-label Phase III trial ARTEMIS in antiretroviral treatment-naïve HIV-1 infected patients comparing Darunavir /ritonavir 800/100 mg once daily with lopinavir/ritonavir 800/200 mg per day (given as a twice-daily or as a once-daily regimen). Both arms used a fixed background regimen consisting of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate 300 mg once daily and emtricitabine 200 mg once daily.

 

The table below shows the efficacy data of the 48 week and 96 week analyses from the ARTEMIS trial:

 

ARTEMIS
	Week 48a			Week 96b
Outcomes	Darunavir / ritonavir 800/100 mg once daily N=343	Lopinavir/ ritonavir 800/200 mg per day N=346	Treatment difference (95% CI of difference)	Darunavir / ritonavir 800/100 mg once daily N=343	Lopinavir/ ritonavir 800/200 mg per day N=346	Treatment difference (95% CI of difference)
HIV-1 RNA < 50 copies/mlc All patients	83.7% (287)	78.3% (271)	5.3% (-0.5; 11.2)d	79.0% (271)	70.8% (245)	8.2% (1.7; 14.7)d
With baseline HIV-RNA < 100,000	85.8% (194/226)	84.5% (191/226)	1.3% (-5.2; 7.9)d	80.5% (182/226)	75.2% (170/226)	5.3% (-2.3; 13.0)d
With baseline HIV-RNA ≥ 100,000	79.5% (93/117)	66.7% (80/120)	12.8% (1.6; 24.1)d	76.1% (89/117)	62.5% (75/120)	13.6% (1.9; 25.3)d
With baseline CD4+ cell count < 200	79.4% (112/141)	70.3% (104/148)	9.2% (-0.8; 19.2)d	78.7% (111/141)	64.9% (96/148)	13.9% (3.5; 24.2)d
With baseline CD4+ cell count ≥ 200	86.6% (175/202)	84.3% (167/198)	2.3% (-4.6; 9.2)d	79.2% (160/202)	75.3% (149/198)	4.0% (-4.3; 12.2)d
median CD4+ cell count change from baseline (x 106/l)e	137	141		171	188
a Data based on analyses at week 48 b Data based on analyses at week 96 c Imputations according to the TLOVR algorithm d Based on normal approximation to the difference in % response e Non-completer is failure imputation: patients who discontinued prematurely are imputed with a change equal to 0

 

Non-inferiority in virologic response to the Darunavir /ritonavir treatment, defined as the percentage of patients with plasma HIV-1 RNA level < 50 copies/ml, was demonstrated (at the pre-defined 12% non-inferiority margin) for both Intent-To-Treat (ITT) and On Protocol (OP) populations in the 48 week analysis. These results were confirmed in the analyses of data at 96 weeks of treatment in the ARTEMIS trial. These results were sustained up to 192 weeks of treatment in the ARTEMIS trial.

 

Efficacy of Darunavir 800 mg once daily co-administered with 100 mg ritonavir once daily in ART-experienced patients

 

ODIN is a Phase III, randomised, open-label trial comparing Darunavir /ritonavir 800/100 mg once daily versus Darunavir /ritonavir 600/100 mg twice daily in ART-experienced HIV-1 infected patients with screening genotype resistance testing showing no Darunavir RAMs (i.e. V11I, V32I, L33F, I47V, I50V, I54M, I54L, T74P, L76V, I84V, L89V) and a screening HIV-1 RNA > 1,000 copies/ml. Efficacy analysis is based on 48 weeks of treatment (see table below).Both arms used an optimised background regimen (OBR) of ≥ 2 NRTIs.

 

ODIN
Outcomes	Darunavir /ritonavir 800/100 mg once daily + OBR N=294	Darunavir /ritonavir 600/100 mg twice daily + OBR N=296	Treatment difference (95% CI of difference)
HIV-1 RNA < 50 copies/mla	72.1% (212)	70.9% (210)	1.2% (-6.1; 8.5)b
With Baseline HIV-1 RNA (copies/ml) < 100,000 ≥ 100,000	77.6% (198/255) 35.9% (14/39)	73.2% (194/265) 51.6% (16/31)	4.4% (-3.0; 11.9) -15.7% (-39.2; 7.7)
With Baseline CD4+ cell count (x 106/l) ≥ 100 < 100	75.1% (184/245) 57.1% (28/49)	72.5% (187/258) 60.5% (23/38)	2.6% (-5.1; 10.3) -3.4% (-24.5; 17.8)
With HIV-1 clade Type B Type AE Type C Otherc	70.4% (126/179) 90.5% (38/42) 72.7% (32/44) 55.2% (16/29)	64.3% (128/199) 91.2% (31/34) 78.8% (26/33) 83.3% (25/30)	6.1% (-3.4; 15.6) -0.7% (-14.0; 12.6) -6.1% (-2.6; 13.7) -28.2% (-51.0; -5.3)
mean CD4+ cell count change from baseline (x 106/l)e	108	112	-5d (-25; 16)
a Imputations according to the TLOVR algorithm b Based on a normal approximation of the difference in % response c Clades A1, D, F1, G, K, CRF02_AG, CRF12_BF, and CRF06_CPX d Difference in means e Last Observation Carried Forward imputation

 

At 48 weeks, virologic response, defined as the percentage of patients with plasma HIV-1 RNA level < 50 copies/ml, with Darunavir /ritonavir 800/100 mg once daily treatment was demonstrated to be non-inferior (at the pre-defined 12% noninferiority margin) compared to Darunavir /ritonavir 600/100 mg twice daily for both ITT and OP populations.

Darunavir /ritonavir 800/100 mg once daily in ART-experienced patients should not be used in patients with one or more Darunavir resistance associated mutations (DRV-RAMs) or HIV-1 RNA ≥ 100,000 copies/ml or CD4+ cell count < 100 cells x 106/l. Limited data is available in patients with HIV-1 clades other than B.

 

Paediatric patients

ART-naïve paediatric patients from the age of 12 years to < 18 years, and weighing at least 40 kg

 

DIONE is an open-label, Phase II trial evaluating the pharmacokinetics, safety, tolerability, and efficacy of Darunavir with low dose ritonavir in 12 ART-naïve HIV-1 infected paediatric patients aged 12 to less than 18 years and weighing at least 40 kg. These patients received Darunavir /ritonavir 800/100 mg once daily in combination with other antiretroviral agents. Virologic response was defined as a decrease in plasma HIV-1 RNA viral load of at least 1.0 log10 versus baseline.

 

DIONE
Outcomes at week 48	Darunavir /ritonavir N=12
HIV-1 RNA < 50 copies/mla	83.3% (10)
CD4+ percent change from baselineb	14
CD4+ cell count mean change from baselineb	221
≥ 1.0 log10 decrease from baseline in plasma viral load	100%
a Imputations according to the TLOVR algorithm. b Non-completer is failure imputation: patients who discontinued prematurely are imputed with a change equal to 0.

 

For additional clinical study results in ART-experienced adults and paediatric patients, refer to the Summary of Product Characteristics for Darunavir 75 mg, 150 mg, 300 mg or 600 mg tablets and 100 mg/ml oral suspension.

 

Pregnancy and postpartum

Darunavir/ritonavir (600/100 mg twice daily or 800/100 mg once daily) in combination with a background regimen was evaluated in a clinical trial of 36 pregnant women (18 in each arm) during the second and third trimesters, and postpartum. Virologic response was preserved throughout the study period in both arms. No mother to child transmission occurred in the infants born to the 31 subjects who stayed on the antiretroviral treatment through delivery.There were no new clinically relevant safety findings compared with the known safety profile of Darunavir/ritonavir in HIV-1 infected adults.

The pharmacokinetic properties of Darunavir, co-administered with cobicistat or ritonavir, have been evaluated in healthy adult volunteers and in HIV-1 infected patients. Exposure to Darunavir was higher in HIV-1 infected patients than in healthy subjects. The increased exposure to Darunavir in HIV-1 infected patients compared to healthy subjects may be explained by the higher concentrations of α1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) in HIV-1 infected patients, resulting in higher Darunavir binding to plasma AAG and, therefore, higher plasma concentrations.

 

Darunavir is primarily metabolised by CYP3A. Cobicistat and ritonavir inhibit CYP3A, thereby increasing the plasma concentrations of Darunavir considerably.

 

For information on cobicistat pharmacokinetic properties, consult the cobicistat Summary of Product Characteristics.

 

Absorption

Darunavir was rapidly absorbed following oral administration. Maximum plasma concentration of Darunavir in the presence of low dose ritonavir is generally achieved within 2.5-4.0 hours.

 

The absolute oral bioavailability of a single 600 mg dose of Darunavir alone was approximately 37% and increased to approximately 82% in the presence of 100 mg twice daily ritonavir. The overall pharmacokinetic enhancement effect by ritonavir was an approximate 14-fold increase in the systemic exposure of Darunavir when a single dose of 600 mg Darunavir was given orally in combination with ritonavir at 100 mg twice daily.

When administered without food, the relative bioavailability of Darunavir in the presence of cobicistat or low dose ritonavir is lower as compared to intake with food. Therefore, Darunavir tablets should be taken with cobicistat or ritonavir and with food. The type of food does not affect exposure to Darunavir.

 

Distribution

Darunavir is approximately 95% bound to plasma protein. Darunavir binds primarily to plasma α1-acid glycoprotein.

 

Following intravenous administration, the volume of distribution of Darunavir alone was 88.1 ± 59.0 l (Mean ± SD) and increased to 131 ± 49.9 l (Mean ± SD) in the presence of 100 mg twice-daily ritonavir.

 

Biotransformation

In vitro experiments with human liver microsomes (HLMs) indicate that Darunavir primarily undergoes oxidative metabolism. Darunavir is extensively metabolised by the hepatic CYP system and almost exclusively by isozyme CYP3A4. A 14C-Darunavir trial in healthy volunteers showed that a majority of the radioactivity in plasma after a single 400/100 mg Darunavir with ritonavir dose was due to the parent active substance. At least 3 oxidative metabolites of Darunavir have been identified in humans; all showed activity that was at least 10-fold less than the activity of Darunavir against wild type HIV.

Elimination

After a 400/100 mg 14C-Darunavir with ritonavir dose, approximately 79.5% and 13.9% of the administered dose of 14CDarunavir could be retrieved in faeces and urine, respectively.

 

 Unchanged Darunavir accounted for approximately 41.2% and 7.7% of the administered dose in faeces and urine, respectively. The terminal elimination half-life of Darunavir was approximately 15 hours when combined with ritonavir.

 

The intravenous clearance of Darunavir alone (150 mg) and in the presence of low dose ritonavir was 32.8 l/h and 5.9 l/h, respectively.

 

Special populations

 

Paediatric population

 

The pharmacokinetics of Darunavir in combination with ritonavir taken twice daily in 74 treatment-experienced paediatric patients, aged 6 to 17 years and weighing at least 20 kg, showed that the administered weight-based doses of Darunavir /ritonavir resulted in Darunavir exposure comparable to that in adults receiving Darunavir /ritonavir 600/100 mg twice daily.

 

The pharmacokinetics of Darunavir in combination with ritonavir taken twice daily in 14 treatment-experienced paediatric patients, aged 3 to < 6 years and weighing at least 15 kg to < 20 kg, showed that weight-based dosages resulted in Darunavir exposure that was comparable to that achieved in adults receiving Darunavir /ritonavir 600/100 mg twice daily.

 

The pharmacokinetics of Darunavir in combination with ritonavir taken once daily in 12 ART-naïve paediatric patients, aged 12 to < 18 years and weighing at least 40 kg, showed that Darunavir /ritonavir 800/100 mg once daily results in Darunavir exposure that was comparable to that achieved in adults receiving Darunavir /ritonavir 800/100 mg once daily.Therefore the same once daily dosage may be used in treatment-experienced adolescents aged 12 to < 18 years and weighing at least 40 kg without Darunavir resistance associated mutations (DRV-RAMs)* and who have plasma HIV-1 RNA < 100,000 copies/ml and CD4+ cell count ≥ 100 cells x 10⁶/I

* DRV-RAMs: V11I, V32I, L33F, I47V, I50V, I54M, I54L, T74P, L76V, I84V and L89V

 

The pharmacokinetics of Darunavir in combination with ritonavir taken once daily in 10 treatment-experienced paediatric patients, aged 3 to < 6 years and weighing at least 14 kg to < 20 kg, showed that weight-based dosages resulted in Darunavir exposure that was comparable to that achieved in adults receiving Darunavir /ritonavir 800/100 mg once daily. In addition, pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation of Darunavir exposures in paediatric patients across the ages of 3 to < 18 years confirmed the Darunavir exposures as observed in the clinical studies and allowed the identification of weight-based Darunavir /ritonavir once daily dosing regimens for paediatric patients weighing at least 15 kg that are either ART-naïve or treatment-experienced paediatric patients without DRV-RAMs* and who have plasma HIV-1 RNA < 100,000 copies/ml and CD4+ cell count ≥ 100 cells x 106/l.

 

* DRV-RAMs: V11I, V32I, L33F, I47V, I50V, I54M, I54L, T74P, L76V, I84V and L89V

 

Elderly

 

Population pharmacokinetic analysis in HIV infected patients showed that Darunavir pharmacokinetics are not considerably different in the age range (18 to 75 years) evaluated in HIV infected patients (n=12, age ≥ 65). However, only limited data were available in patients above the age of 65 year.

 

Gender

 

Population pharmacokinetic analysis showed a slightly higher Darunavir exposure (16.8%) in HIV infected females compared to males. This difference is not clinically relevant.

 

 

Renal impairment

 

Results from a mass balance study with 14C-Darunavir with ritonavir showed that approximately 7.7% of the administered dose of Darunavir is excreted in the urine unchanged.

 

Although Darunavir has not been studied in patients with renal impairment, population pharmacokinetic analysis showed that the pharmacokinetics of Darunavir were not significantly affected in HIV infected patients with moderate renal impairment (CrCl between 30-60 ml/min, n=20).

 

Hepatic impairment

 

Darunavir is primarily metabolised and eliminated by the liver. In a multiple dose study with Darunavir co-administered with ritonavir (600/100 mg) twice daily, it was demonstrated that the total plasma concentrations of Darunavir in subjects with mild (Child-Pugh Class A, n=8) and moderate (Child-Pugh Class B, n=8) hepatic impairment were comparable with those in healthy subjects. However, unbound Darunavir concentrations were approximately 55% (Child-Pugh Class A) and 100% (Child-Pugh Class B) higher, respectively. The clinical relevance of this increase is unknown therefore, Darunavir should be used with caution. The effect of severe hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of Darunavir has not been studied.

 

Pregnancy and postpartum

 

The exposure to total Darunavir and ritonavir after intake of Darunavir/ritonavir 600/100 mg twice daily and Darunavir/ritonavir 800/100 mg once daily as part of an antiretroviral regimen was generally lower during pregnancy compared with postpartum. However, for unbound (i.e. active) Darunavir, the pharmacokinetic parameters were less reduced during pregnancy compared to postpartum, due to an increase in the unbound fraction of Darunavir during pregnancy compared to postpartum.

 

Pharmacokinetic results of total Darunavir after administration of Darunavir/ritonavir at 600/100 mg twice daily as part of an antiretroviral regimen, during the second trimester of pregnancy, the third trimester of pregnancy and postpartum
Pharmacokinetics of total Darunavir (mean ± SD)	Second trimester of pregnancy (n=12)a	Third trimester of pregnancy (n=12)	Postpartum  (6-12 weeks) (n=12)
Cmax, ng/ml	4,668 ± 1,097	5,328 ± 1,631	6,659 ± 2,364
AUC12h, ng.h/ml	39,370 ± 9,597	45,880 ± 17,360	56,890 ± 26,340
Cmin, ng/ml	1,922 ± 825	2,661 ± 1,269	2,851 ± 2,216
a n=11 for AUC12h

 

Pharmacokinetic results of total Darunavir after administration of Darunavir/ritonavir at 600/100 mg twice daily as part of an antiretroviral regimen, during the second trimester of pregnancy, the third trimester of pregnancy and postpartum
Pharmacokinetics of total Darunavir (mean ± SD)	Second trimester of pregnancy (n=17)	Third trimester of pregnancy (n=15)	Postpartum  (6-12 weeks) (n=16)
Cmax, ng/ml	4,964 ± 1,505	5,132 ± 1,198	7,310 ± 1,704
AUC24h, ng.h/ml	62,282 ± 16,234	61,112 ± 13,790	92,116 ± 29,241
Cmin, ng/ml	1,248 ± 542	1,075 ± 594	1,473 ± 1,141

 

In women receiving Darunavir/ritonavir 600/100 mg twice daily during the second trimester of pregnancy, mean intraindividual values for total Darunavir Cmax, AUC12h and Cmin were 28%, 26% and 26% lower, respectively, as compared with postpartum; during the third trimester of pregnancy, total Darunavir Cmax, AUC12h and Cmin values were 18%, 16% lower and 2% higher, respectively, as compared with postpartum.

 

In women receiving Darunavir/ritonavir 800/100 mg once daily during the second trimester of pregnancy, mean intraindividual values for total Darunavir Cmax, AUC24h and Cmin were 33%, 31% and 30% lower, respectively, as compared with postpartum; during the third trimester of pregnancy, total Darunavir Cmax, AUC24h and Cmin values were 29%, 32% and 50% lower, respectively, as compared with postpartum.

 

Treatment with Darunavir/cobicistat 800/150 mg once daily during pregnancy results in low Darunavir exposure. In women receiving Darunavir/cobicistat during the second trimester of pregnancy, mean intra-individual values for total Darunavir Cmax, AUC24h and Cmin were 49%, 56% and 92% lower, respectively, as compared with postpartum; during the third trimester of pregnancy, total Darunavir Cmax, AUC24h and Cmin values were 37%, 50% and 89% lower, respectively, as compared with postpartum. The unbound fraction was also substantially reduced, including around 90% reductions of Cmin levels. The main cause of these low exposures is a marked reduction in cobicistat exposure as a consequence of pregnancy-associated enzyme induction (see below).

 

Pharmacokinetic results of total Darunavir after administration of Darunavir/cobicistat 800/150 mg once daily as part of an antiretroviral regimen, during the second trimester of pregnancy, the third trimester of pregnancy, and postpartum
Pharmacokinetics of total Darunavir (mean ± SD)	Second trimester of pregnancy (n=7)	Third trimester of pregnancy (n=6)	Postpartum (6 12 weeks) (n=6)
Cmax, ng/mL	4,340 ± 1,616	4,910 ± 970	7,918 ± 2,199
AUC24h, ng.h/mL	47,293 ± 19,058	47,991 ± 9,879	99,613 ± 34,862
Cmin, ng/mL	168 ± 149	184 ± 99	1,538 ± 1,344

The exposure to cobicistat was lower during pregnancy, potentially leading to suboptimal boosting of Darunavir. During the second trimester of pregnancy, cobicistat Cmax, AUC24h, and Cmin were 50%, 63%, and 83% lower, respectively, as compared with postpartum. During the third trimester of pregnancy, cobicistat Cmax, AUC24h, and Cmin, were 27%, 49%, and 83% lower, respectively, as compared with postpartum.

 

Animal toxicology studies have been conducted at exposures up to clinical exposure levels with Darunavir alone, in mice, rats and dogs and in combination with ritonavir in rats and dogs.In repeated-dose toxicology studies in mice, rats and dogs, there were only limited effects of treatment with Darunavir. In

rodents the target organs identified were the haematopoietic system, the blood coagulation system, liver and thyroid. A variable but limited decrease in red blood cell-related parameters was observed, together with increases in activated partial thromboplastin time.

 

Changes were observed in liver (hepatocyte hypertrophy, vacuolation, increased liver enzymes) and thyroid (follicular hypertrophy). In the rat, the combination of Darunavir with ritonavir lead to a small increase in effect on RBC parameters, liver and thyroid and increased incidence of islet fibrosis in the pancreas (in male rats only) compared to treatment with Darunavir alone. In the dog, no major toxicity findings or target organs were identified up to exposures equivalent to clinical exposure at the recommended dose.

 

In a study conducted in rats, the number of corpora lutea and implantations were decreased in the presence of maternal toxicity. Otherwise, there were no effects on mating or fertility with Darunavir treatment up to 1,000 mg/kg/day and exposure levels below (AUC-0.5 fold) of that in human at the clinically recommended dose. Up to same dose levels, there was no teratogenicity with Darunavir in rats and rabbits when treated alone nor in mice when treated in combination with ritonavir. The exposure levels were lower than those with the recommended clinical dose in humans. In a pre- and postnatal development assessment in rats, Darunavir with and without ritonavir, caused a transient reduction in body weight gain of the offspring pre-weaning and there was a slight delay in the opening of eyes and ears. Darunavir in combination with ritonavir caused a reduction in the number of pups that exhibited the startle response on day 15 of lactation and a reduced pup survival during lactation. These effects may be secondary to pup exposure to the active substance via the milk and/or maternal toxicity. No post weaning functions were affected with Darunavir alone or in combination with ritonavir. In juvenile rats receiving Darunavir up to days 23-26, increased mortality was observed with convulsions in some animals. Exposure in plasma, liver and brain was considerably higher than in adult rats after comparable doses in mg/kg between days 5 and 11 of age. After day 23 of life, the exposure was comparable to that in adult rats. The increased exposure was likely at least partly due to immaturity of the drug-metabolising enzymes in juvenile animals. No treatment related mortalities were noted in juvenile rats dosed at 1,000 mg/kg Darunavir (single dose) on day 26 of age or at 500 mg/kg (repeated dose) from day 23 to 50 of age, and the exposures and toxicity profile were comparable to those observed in adult rats.

Due to uncertainties regarding the rate of development of the human blood brain barrier and liver enzymes, Darunavir with low dose ritonavir should not be used in paediatric patients below 3 years of age.

 

Darunavir was evaluated for carcinogenic potential by oral gavage administration to mice and rats up to 104 weeks. Daily doses of 150, 450 and 1,000 mg/kg were administered to mice and doses of 50, 150 and 500 mg/kg were administered to rats. Dose-related increases in the incidences of hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas were observed in males and females of both species. Thyroid follicular cell adenomas were noted in male rats. Administration of Darunavir did not cause a statistically significant increase in the incidence of any other benign or malignant neoplasm in mice or rats. The observed hepatocellular and thyroid tumours in rodents are considered to be of limited relevance to humans. Repeated administration of Darunavir to rats caused hepatic microsomal enzyme induction and increased thyroid hormone elimination, which predispose rats, but not humans, to thyroid neoplasms. At the highest tested doses, the systemic exposures (based on AUC) to Darunavir were between 0.4- and 0.7-fold (mice) and 0.7- and 1-fold (rats), relative to those observed in humans at the recommended therapeutic doses.

 

After 2 years administration of Darunavir at exposures at or below the human exposure, kidney changes were observed in mice (nephrosis) and rats (chronic progressive nephropathy).

 

Darunavir was not mutagenic or genotoxic in a battery of in vitro and in vivo assays including bacterial reverse mutation (Ames), chromosomal aberration in human lymphocytes and in vivo micronucleus test in mice.

Darunavir Tablets 400 mg: Cellulose, Microcrystalline, Hydroxypropylcellulose, Crospovidone, Silica Colloidal Anhydrous, Magnesium Stearate, OPADRY® II Complete Film Coating System 85F93273 ORANGE and Purified Water

Darunavir Tablets 600 mg: Cellulose, Microcrystalline, Hydroxypropylcellulose, Crospovidone, Silica Colloidal Anhydrous, Magnesium Stearate, OPADRY® II Complete Film Coating System 85F13962 ORANGE  and Purified Water

 Not applicable.

24 months

 Store below 30°C.

60’s count (HDPE Container)

No special requirements.