Ceftriaxone is indicated for the treatment of the following infections in adults and children             including term neonates (from birth):

·        Bacterial Meningitis

·        Community acquired pneumonia

·        Hospital acquired pneumonia

·        Acute otitis media

·        Intra-abdominal infections

·        Complicated urinary tract infections (including pyelonephritis)

·        Infections of bones and joints

·        Complicated skin and soft tissue infections

·        Gonorrhoea

·        Syphilis

·        Bacterial endocarditis

           

Ceftriaxone may be used:

·        For treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults

·        For treatment of disseminated Lyme borreliosis (early (stage II) and late (stage III)) in adults and children including neonates from 15 days of age

·        For Pre-operative prophylaxis of surgical site infections

·        In the management of neutropenic patients with fever that is suspected to be due to a bacterial infection

·        In the treatment of patients with bacteraemia that occurs in association with, or is suspected to be          associated with, any of the infections listed above

            Ceftriaxone should be co-administered with other antibacterial agents whenever the possible            range of causative bacteria would not fall within its spectrum (see section 4.4).

            Consideration should be given to official guidelines on the appropriate use of antibacterial agents.

Posology

            The dose depends on the severity, susceptibility, site and type of infection and on the age and             hepato-renal function of the patient.

            The doses recommended in the tables below are the generally recommended doses in these     indications. In particularly severe cases, doses at the higher end of the recommended range    should be considered.

            Adults and children over 12 years of age (≥ 50 kg)

            * In documented bacteraemia, the higher end of the recommended dose range should be considered.

            ** Twice daily (12 hourly) administration may be considered where doses greater than 2 g daily are administered.

• Indications for adults and children over 12 years of age (≥ 50 kg) that require specific dosage schedules:

Acute otitis media
A single intramuscular dose of Ceftriaxone 1-2 g can be given.
Limited data suggest that in cases where the patient is severely ill or previous therapy has failed,
Ceftriaxone may be effective when given as an intramuscular dose of 1-2 g daily for 3 days.
Pre-operative prophylaxis of surgical site infections
2 g as a single pre-operative dose.
Gonorrhoea
500 mg as a single intramuscular dose.
Syphilis
The generally recommended doses are 500 mg-1 g once daily increased to 2 g once daily for
neurosyphilis for 10-14 days. The dose recommendations in syphilis, including neurosyphilis, are
based on limited data. National or local guidance should be taken into consideration.
Disseminated Lyme borreliosis (early [Stage II] and late [Stage III])
2 g once daily for 14-21 days. The recommended treatment durations vary and national or local
guidelines should be taken into consideration.

 

            Paediatric population

            Neonates, infants and children 15 days to 12 years of age (< 50 kg)

            For children with bodyweight of 50 kg or more, the usual adult dosage should be given.

* In documented bacteraemia, the higher end of the recommended dose range should be
considered.
** Twice daily (12 hourly) administration may be considered where doses greater than 2 g daily are administered.

 

• Indications for neonates, infants and children 15 days to 12 years (< 50 kg) that require specific
  dosage schedules:
  Acute otitis media
  For initial treatment of acute otitis media, a single intramuscular dose of Ceftriaxone 50 mg/kg
  can be given. Limited data suggest that in cases where the child is severely ill or initial therapy
  has failed, Ceftriaxone may be effective when given as an intramuscular dose of 50 mg/kg daily
  for 3 days.
  Pre-operative prophylaxis of surgical site infections
  50-80 mg/kg as a single pre-operative dose.
  Syphilis
  The generally recommended doses are 75-100 mg/kg (max 4 g) once daily for 10-14 days. The
  dose recommendations in syphilis, including neurosyphilis, are based on very limited data.
  National or local guidance should be taken into consideration.
  Disseminated Lyme borreliosis (early [Stage II] and late [Stage III])
  50–80 mg/kg once daily for 14-21 days. The recommended treatment durations vary and national
  or local guidelines should be taken into consideration.

 

• Neonates 0-14 days
  Ceftriaxone is contraindicated in premature neonates up to a postmenstrual age of 41 weeks
  (gestational age + chronological age).

* In documented bacteraemia, the higher end of the recommended dose range should be considered.
A maximum daily dose of 50 mg/kg should not be exceeded.

 

• Indications for neonates 0-14 days that require specific dosage schedules:
  Acute otitis media
  For initial treatment of acute otitis media, a single intramuscular dose of Ceftriaxone 50 mg/kg
  can be given.
  Pre-operative prophylaxis of surgical site infections
  20-50 mg/kg as a single pre-operative dose.
  Syphilis
  The generally recommended dose is 50 mg/kg once daily for 10-14 days. The dose
  recommendations in syphilis, including neurosyphilis, are based on very limited data. National or
  local guidance should be taken into consideration.

Duration of therapy
The duration of therapy varies according to the course of the disease. As with antibiotic therapy
in general, administration of ceftriaxone should be continued for 48 - 72 hours after the patient
has become afebrile or evidence of bacterial eradication has been achieved.
Older people
The dosages recommended for adults require no modification in older people provided that renal
and hepatic function is satisfactory.
Patients with hepatic impairment
Available data do not indicate the need for dose adjustment in mild or moderate liver function
impairment provided renal function is not impaired.
There are no study data in patients with severe hepatic impairment (see section 5.2).

Patients with renal impairment
In patients with impaired renal function, there is no need to reduce the dosage of ceftriaxone
provided hepatic function is not impaired. Only in cases of preterminal renal failure (creatinine
clearance < 10 ml/min) should the ceftriaxone dosage not exceed 2 g daily.
In patients undergoing dialysis no additional supplementary dosing is required following the
dialysis. Ceftriaxone is not removed by peritoneal- or haemodialysis. Close clinical monitoring
for safety and efficacy is advised.

Patients with severe hepatic and renal impairment
In patients with both severe renal and hepatic dysfunction, close clinical monitoring for safety
and efficacy is advised.

Method of administration
Intramuscular administration
Ceftriaxone can be administered by deep intramuscular injection. Intramuscular injections should
be injected well within the bulk of a relatively large muscle and not more than 1 g should be
injected at one site.
As the solvent used is lidocaine, the resulting solution should never be administered
intravenously (see section 4.3). The information in the Summary of Product Characteristics of
lidocaine should be considered.

Intravenous administration
Ceftriaxone can be administered by intravenous infusion over at least 30 minutes (preferred
route) or by slow intravenous injection over 5 minutes. Intravenous intermittent injection should
be given over 5 minutes preferably in larger veins. Intravenous doses of 50 mg/kg or more in
infants and children up to 12 years of age should be given by infusion. In neonates, intravenous
doses should be given over 60 minutes to reduce the potential risk of bilirubin encephalopathy
(see section 4.3 and 4.4). Intramuscular administration should be considered when the
intravenous route is not possible or less appropriate for the patient. For doses greater than 2 g
intravenous administration should be used.

Ceftriaxone is contraindicated in neonates (≤ 28 days) if they require (or are expected to require)
treatment with calcium-containing intravenous solutions, including continuous calcium- containing
infusions such as parenteral nutrition, because of the risk of precipitation of ceftriaxone-calcium (see section 4.3).

Diluents containing calcium, (e.g. Ringer's solution or Hartmann's solution), should not be used
to reconstitute ceftriaxone vials or to further dilute a reconstituted vial for intravenous
administration because a precipitate can form. Precipitation of ceftriaxone-calcium can also occur
when ceftriaxone is mixed with calcium-containing solutions in the same intravenous
administration line. Therefore, ceftriaxone and calcium-containing solutions must not be mixed or
administered simultaneously (see sections 4.3, 4.4 and 6.2).

For pre-operative prophylaxis of surgical site infections, ceftriaxone should be administered 30-
90 minutes prior to surgery.

For instructions on reconstitution of the medicinal product before administration, see section 6.6.

Hypersensitivity to ceftriaxone, to any other cephalosporin or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1. History of severe hypersensitivity (e.g. anaphylactic reaction) to any other type of beta-lactam antibacterial agent (penicillins, monobactams and carbapenems). Ceftriaxone is contraindicated in: Premature neonates up to a postmenstrual age of 41 weeks (gestational age + chronological age)* Full-term neonates (up to 28 days of age): - with hyperbilirubinaemia, jaundice, or who are hypoalbuminaemic or acidotic because these are conditions in which bilirubin binding is likely to be impaired* - if they require (or are expected to require) intravenous calcium treatment, or calcium-containing infusions due to the risk of precipitation of a ceftriaxone-calcium salt (see sections 4.4, 4.8 and 6.2). * In vitro studies have shown that ceftriaxone can displace bilirubin from its serum albumin binding sites leading to a possible risk of bilirubin encephalopathy in these patients. Contraindications to lidocaine must be excluded before intramuscular injection of ceftriaxone when lidocaine solution is used as a solvent (see section 4.4). See information in the Summary of Product Characteristics of lidocaine, especially contraindications. Ceftriaxone solutions containing lidocaine should never be administered intravenously.

Hypersensitivity reactions
As with all beta-lactam antibacterial agents, serious and occasionally fatal hypersensitivity
reactions have been reported (see section 4.8). In case of severe hypersensitivity reactions,
treatment with ceftriaxone must be discontinued immediately and adequate emergency measures
must be initiated. Before beginning treatment, it should be established whether the patient has a
history of severe hypersensitivity reactions to ceftriaxone, to other cephalosporins or to any other
type of beta-lactam agent. Caution should be used if ceftriaxone is given to patients with a history
of non-severe hypersensitivity to other beta-lactam agents.
Severe cutaneous adverse reactions (Stevens Johnson syndrome or Lyell's syndrome/toxic
epidermal necrolysis and drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS))
which can be life-threatening or fatal have been reported in association of ceftriaxone treatment;
however, the frequency of these events is not known (see section 4.8).

Interaction with calcium containing products
Cases of fatal reactions with calcium-ceftriaxone precipitates in lungs and kidneys in premature
and full-term neonates aged less than 1 month have been described. At least one of them had
received ceftriaxone and calcium at different times and through different intravenous lines. In the
available scientific data, there are no reports of confirmed intravascular precipitations in patients,
other than neonates, treated with ceftriaxone and calcium-containing solutions or any other
calcium-containing products. In vitro studies demonstrated that neonates have an increased risk of
precipitation of ceftriaxone-calcium compared to other age groups.

In patients of any age ceftriaxone must not be mixed or administered simultaneously with any
calcium-containing intravenous solutions, even via different infusion lines or at different infusion
sites. However, in patients older than 28 days of age ceftriaxone and calcium-containing solutions
may be administered sequentially one after another if infusion lines at different sites are used or if
the infusion lines are replaced or thoroughly flushed between infusions with physiological saltsolution
to avoid precipitation. In patients requiring continuous infusion with calcium-containing
total parenteral nutrition (TPN) solutions, healthcare professionals may wish to consider the use
of alternative antibacterial treatments which do not carry a similar risk of precipitation. If the use
of ceftriaxone is considered necessary in patients requiring continuous nutrition, TPN solutions
and ceftriaxone can be administered simultaneously, albeit via different infusion lines at different
sites. Alternatively, infusion of TPN solution could be stopped for the period of ceftriaxone
infusion and the infusion lines flushed between solutions (see sections 4.3, 4.8, 5.2 and 6.2).

Paediatric population
Safety and effectiveness of Ceftriaxone in neonates, infants and children have been established
for the dosages described under Posology and Method of Administration (see section 4.2).
Studies have shown that ceftriaxone, like some other cephalosporins, can displace bilirubin from
serum albumin.
Ceftriaxone is contraindicated in premature and full-term neonates at risk of developing bilirubin
encephalopathy (see section 4.3).

Immune mediated haemolytic anaemia
An immune mediated haemolytic anaemia has been observed in patients receiving cephalosporin
class antibacterials including Ceftriaxone (see section 4.8). Severe cases of haemolytic anaemia,
including fatalities, have been reported during Ceftriaxone treatment in both adults and children.
If a patient develops anaemia while on ceftriaxone, the diagnosis of a cephalosporin-associated
anaemia should be considered and ceftriaxone discontinued until the aetiology is determined.

Long term treatment
During prolonged treatment complete blood count should be performed at regular intervals.
Colitis/Overgrowth of non-susceptible microorganisms
Antibacterial agent-associated colitis and pseudo-membranous colitis have been reported with
nearly all antibacterial agents, including ceftriaxone, and may range in severity from mild to lifethreatening.
Therefore, it is important to consider this diagnosis in patients who present with
diarrhoea during or subsequent to the administration of ceftriaxone (see section 4.8).
Discontinuation of therapy with ceftriaxone and the administration of specific treatment for
Clostridium difficile should be considered. Medicinal products that inhibit peristalsis should not
be given.
Superinfections with non-susceptible micro-organisms may occur as with other antibacterial
agents.

Severe renal and hepatic insufficiency
In severe renal and hepatic insufficiency, close clinical monitoring for safety and efficacy is
advised (see section 4.2).

Interference with serological testing
Interference with Coombs tests may occur, as Ceftriaxone may lead to false-positive test results.
Ceftriaxone can also lead to false-positive test results for galactosaemia (see section 4.8).
Non-enzymatic methods for the glucose determination in urine may give false-positive results.
Urine glucose determination during therapy with Ceftriaxone should be done enzymatically (see
section 4.8).
The presence of ceftriaxone may falsely lower estimated blood glucose values obtained with
some blood glucose monitoring systems. Please refer to instructions for use for each system.
Alternative testing methods should be used if necessary.

Sodium
This medicinal product contains 82.8 mg sodium per gram, equivalent to 4.14% of the WHO
recommended maximum daily intake of 2 g sodium for an adult.

Antibacterial spectrum
Ceftriaxone has a limited spectrum of antibacterial activity and may not be suitable for use as a
single agent for the treatment of some types of infections unless the pathogen has already been
confirmed (see section 4.2). In polymicrobial infections, where suspected pathogens include
organisms resistant to ceftriaxone, administration of an additional antibiotic should be considered.

Use of lidocaine
In case a lidocaine solution is used as a solvent, ceftriaxone solutions must only be used for
intramuscular injection. Contraindications to lidocaine, warnings and other relevant information
as detailed in the Summary of Product Characteristics of lidocaine must be considered before use
(see section 4.3). The lidocaine solution should never be administered intravenously.

Biliary lithiasis
When shadows are observed on sonograms, consideration should be given to the possibility of
precipitates of calcium ceftriaxone. Shadows, which have been mistaken for gallstones, have been
detected on sonograms of the gallbladder and have been observed more frequently at ceftriaxone
doses of 1 g per day and above. Caution should be particularly considered in the paediatric
population. Such precipitates disappear after discontinuation of ceftriaxone therapy. Rarely
precipitates of calcium ceftriaxone have been associated with symptoms. In symptomatic cases,
conservative nonsurgical management is recommended and discontinuation of ceftriaxone
treatment should be considered by the physician based on specific benefit risk assessment (see
section 4.8).

Biliary stasis
Cases of pancreatitis, possibly of biliary obstruction aetiology, have been reported in patients
treated with Ceftriaxone (see section 4.8). Most patients presented with risk factors for biliary
stasis and biliary sludge e.g. preceding major therapy, severe illness and total parenteral nutrition.
A trigger or cofactor of Ceftriaxone-related biliary precipitation cannot be ruled out.

Renal lithiasis
Cases of renal lithiasis have been reported, which is reversible upon discontinuation of
ceftriaxone (see section 4.8). In symptomatic cases, sonography should be performed. Use in
patients with history of renal lithiasis or with hypercalciuria should be considered by the
physician based on specific benefit risk assessment.

Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction (JHR)
Some patients with spirochete infections may experience a Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction (JHR)
shortly after ceftriaxone treatment is started. JHR is usually a self - limiting condition or can be
managed by symptomatic treatment. The antibiotic treatment should not be discontinued if such
reaction occurs.

Calcium-containing diluents, such as Ringer's solution or Hartmann's solution, should not be used
to reconstitute Ceftriaxone vials or to further dilute a reconstituted vial for intravenous
administration because a precipitate can form. Precipitation of ceftriaxone-calcium can also occur
when ceftriaxone is mixed with calcium-containing solutions in the same intravenous
administration line. Ceftriaxone must not be administered simultaneously with calciumcontaining
intravenous solutions, including continuous calcium-containing infusions such as
parenteral nutrition via a Y-site. However, in patients other than neonates, ceftriaxone and
calcium-containing solutions may be administered sequentially of one another if the infusion
lines are thoroughly flushed between infusions with a compatible fluid. In vitro studies using
adult and neonatal plasma from umbilical cord blood demonstrated that neonates have an
increased risk of precipitation of ceftriaxone-calcium (see sections 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.8 and 6.2).
Concomitant use with oral anticoagulants may increase the anti-vitamin K effect and the risk of
bleeding. It is recommended that the International Normalised Ratio (INR) is monitored
frequently and the posology of the anti-vitamin K drug adjusted accordingly, both during and
after treatment with ceftriaxone (see section 4.8).

There is conflicting evidence regarding a potential increase in renal toxicity of aminoglycosides
when used with cephalosporins. The recommended monitoring of aminoglycoside levels (and
renal function) in clinical practice should be closely adhered to in such cases.
In an in-vitro study antagonistic effects have been observed with the combination of
chloramphenicol and ceftriaxone. The clinical relevance of this finding is unknown.
There have been no reports of an interaction between ceftriaxone and oral calcium-containing
products or interaction between intramuscular ceftriaxone and calcium-containing products
(intravenous or oral).

In patients treated with ceftriaxone, the Coombs' test may lead to false-positive test results.
Ceftriaxone, like other antibiotics, may result in false-positive tests for galactosaemia.
Likewise, non-enzymatic methods for glucose determination in urine may yield false-positive
results. For this reason, glucose level determination in urine during therapy with ceftriaxone
should be carried out enzymatically.

No impairment of renal function has been observed after concurrent administration of large doses
of ceftriaxone and potent diuretics (e.g. furosemide).

Simultaneous administration of probenecid does not reduce the elimination of ceftriaxone.

Pregnancy
Ceftriaxone crosses the placental barrier. There are limited amounts of data from the use of
ceftriaxone in pregnant women. Animal studies do not indicate direct or indirect harmful effects
with respect to embryonal/foetal, perinatal and postnatal development (see section 5.3).
Ceftriaxone should only be administered during pregnancy and in particular in the first trimester
of pregnancy if the benefit outweighs the risk.

Breastfeeding
Ceftriaxone is excreted into human milk in low concentrations but at therapeutic doses of
ceftriaxone no effects on the breastfed infants are anticipated. However, a risk of diarrhoea and
fungal infection of the mucous membranes cannot be excluded. The possibility of sensitisation
should be taken into account. A decision must be made whether to discontinue breast-feeding or
to discontinue/abstain from ceftriaxone therapy, taking into account the benefit of breast feeding
for the child and the benefit of therapy for the woman.

Fertility
Reproductive studies have shown no evidence of adverse effects on male or female fertility.

During treatment with ceftriaxone, undesirable effects may occur (e.g. dizziness), which may
influence the ability to drive and use machines (see section 4.8). Patients should be cautious when
driving or operating machinery.

The most frequently reported adverse reactions for ceftriaxone are eosinophilia, leucopenia,
thrombocytopenia, diarrhoea, rash, and hepatic enzymes increased.
Data to determine the frequency of ceftriaxone ADRs was derived from clinical trials.
The following convention has been used for the classification of frequency:
Very common (≥ 1/10)
Common (≥ 1/100 - < 1/10)
Uncommon (≥ 1/1000 - < 1/100)
Rare (≥ 1/10000 - < 1/1000)
Not known (cannot be estimated from the available data)

a Based on post-marketing reports. Since these reactions are reported voluntarily from a
population of uncertain size, it is not possible to reliably estimate their frequency which is
therefore categorised as not known.
b See section 4.4
Description of selected adverse reactions

Infections and infestations
Reports of diarrhoea following the use of ceftriaxone may be associated with Clostridium
difficile. Appropriate fluid and electrolyte management should be instituted (see section 4.4).
Ceftriaxone-calcium salt precipitation
Rarely, severe, and in some cases, fatal, adverse reactions have been reported in pre-term and
full-term neonates (aged < 28 days) who had been treated with intravenous ceftriaxone and
calcium. Precipitations of ceftriaxone-calcium salt have been observed in lung and kidneys postmortem.
The high risk of precipitation in neonates is a result of their low blood volume and the
longer half-life of ceftriaxone compared with adults (see sections 4.3, 4.4, and 5.2).
Cases of ceftriaxone precipitation in the urinary tract have been reported, mostly in children
treated with high doses (e.g. ≥ 80 mg/kg/day or total doses exceeding 10 grams) and who have
other risk factors (e.g. dehydration, confinement to bed). This event may be asymptomatic or
symptomatic, and may lead to ureteric obstruction and postrenal acute renal failure, but is usually
reversible upon discontinuation of ceftriaxone (see section 4.4).
Precipitation of ceftriaxone calcium salt in the gallbladder has been observed, primarily in
patients treated with doses higher than the recommended standard dose. In children, prospective
studies have shown a variable incidence of precipitation with intravenous application - above 30
% in some studies. The incidence appears to be lower with slow infusion (20 - 30 minutes). This
effect is usually asymptomatic, but the precipitations have been accompanied by clinical
symptoms such as pain, nausea and vomiting in rare cases. Symptomatic treatment is
recommended in these cases. Precipitation is usually reversible upon discontinuation of
ceftriaxone (see section 4.4).

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It
allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product.

 

In overdose, the symptoms of nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea can occur. Ceftriaxone
concentrations cannot be reduced by haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. There is no specific
antidote. Treatment of overdose should be symptomatic.

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Antibacterials for systemic use, Third-generation cephalosporins.
ATC code: J01DD04.
Mode of action
Ceftriaxone inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis following attachment to penicillin binding
proteins (PBPs). This results in the interruption of cell wall (peptidoglycan) biosynthesis, which
leads to bacterial cell lysis and death.
Resistance
Bacterial resistance to ceftriaxone may be due to one or more of the following mechanisms:
• hydrolysis by beta-lactamases, including extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs),
carbapenemases and Amp C enzymes that may be induced or stably derepressed in certain
aerobic Gram-negative bacterial species.
• reduced affinity of penicillin-binding proteins for ceftriaxone.
• outer membrane impermeability in Gram-negative organisms.
• bacterial efflux pumps.
Susceptibility testing breakpoints
Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) breakpoints established by the European Committee on
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) are as follows:

a. Susceptibility inferred from cefoxitin susceptibility.
b. Susceptibility inferred from penicillin susceptibility.
c. Isolates with a ceftriaxone MIC above the susceptible breakpoint are rare and, if found, should
be re-tested and, if confirmed, should be sent to a reference laboratory.
d. Breakpoints apply to a daily intravenous dose of 1 g x 1 and a high dose of at least 2 g x 1.

Clinical efficacy against specific pathogens
The prevalence of acquired resistance may vary geographically and with time for selected species
and local information on resistance is desirable, particularly when treating severe infections. As
necessary, expert advice should be sought when the local prevalence of resistance is such that the
utility of ceftriaxone in at least some types of infections is questionable.

Commonly susceptible species
Gram-positive aerobes
Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin-susceptible)£
Staphylococci coagulase-negative (methicillin-susceptible)£
Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A)
Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B)
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Viridans Group Streptococci

Gram-negative aerobes
Borrelia burgdorferi
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus parainfluenzae
Moraxella catarrhalis
Neisseria gonorrhoea
Neisseria meningitidis
Proteus mirabilis
Providencia spp.
Treponema pallidum

Species for which acquired resistance may be a problem

Gram-positive aerobes
Staphylococcus epidermidis+
Staphylococcus haemolyticus+
Staphylococcus hominis+
Gram-negative aerobes
Citrobacter freundii
Enterobacter aerogenes
Enterobacter cloacae
Escherichia coli%
Klebsiella pneumoniae%
Klebsiella oxytoca%
Morganella morganii
Proteus vulgaris
Serratia marcescens
Anaerobes
Bacteroides spp.
Fusobacterium spp.
Peptostreptococcus spp.
Clostridium perfringens

Inherently resistant organisms

Gram-positive aerobes
Enterococcus spp.
Listeria monocytogenes
Gram-negative aerobes
Acinetobacter baumannii
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
Anaerobes
Clostridium difficile
Others:
Chlamydia spp.
Chlamydophila spp.
Mycoplasma spp.
Legionella spp.
Ureaplasma urealyticum

£ All methicillin-resistant staphylococci are resistant to ceftriaxone.
+ Resistance rates >50% in at least one region
% ESBL producing strains are always resistant

Absorption
Intramuscular administration
Following intramuscular injection, mean peak plasma ceftriaxone levels are approximately half
those observed after intravenous administration of an equivalent dose. The maximum plasma
concentration after a single intramuscular dose of 1 g is about 81 mg/l and is reached in 2 - 3
hours after administration.
The area under the plasma concentration-time curve after intramuscular administration is
equivalent to that after intravenous administration of an equivalent dose.
Intravenous administration
After intravenous bolus administration of ceftriaxone 500 mg and 1 g, mean peak plasma
ceftriaxone levels are approximately 120 and 200 mg/l respectively. After intravenous infusion of
ceftriaxone 500 mg, 1 g and 2 g, the plasma ceftriaxone levels are approximately 80, 150 and 250 mg/l respectively.

Distribution
The volume of distribution of ceftriaxone is 7 – 12 l. Concentrations well above the minimal
inhibitory concentrations of most relevant pathogens are detectable in tissue including lung, heart,
biliary tract/liver, tonsil, middle ear and nasal mucosa, bone, and in cerebrospinal, pleural,
prostatic and synovial fluids. An 8 - 15 % increase in mean peak plasma concentration (Cmax) is
seen on repeated administration; steady state is reached in most cases within 48 - 72 hours
depending on the route of administration.

Penetration into particular tissues
Ceftriaxone penetrates the meninges. Penetration is greatest when the meninges are inflamed.
Mean peak ceftriaxone concentrations in CSF in patients with bacterial meningitis are reported to
be up to 25 % of plasma levels compared to 2 % of plasma levels in patients with uninflamed
meninges. Peak ceftriaxone concentrations in CSF are reached approximately 4-6 hours after
intravenous injection. Ceftriaxone crosses the placental barrier and is excreted in the breast milk
at low concentrations (see section 4.6).
Protein binding
Ceftriaxone is reversibly bound to albumin. Plasma protein binding is about 95 % at plasma
concentrations below 100 mg/l. Binding is saturable and the bound portion decreases with rising
concentration (up to 85 % at a plasma concentration of 300 mg/l).
Biotransformation
Ceftriaxone is not metabolised systemically; but is converted to inactive metabolites by the gut
flora.

Elimination
Plasma clearance of total ceftriaxone (bound and unbound) is 10 - 22 ml/min. Renal clearance is
5 - 12 ml/min. 50 - 60 % of ceftriaxone is excreted unchanged in the urine, primarily by
glomerular filtration, while 40 - 50 % is excreted unchanged in the bile. The elimination half-life
of total ceftriaxone in adults is about 8 hours.

Patients with renal or hepatic impairment
In patients with renal or hepatic dysfunction, the pharmacokinetics of ceftriaxone are only
minimally altered with the half-life slightly increased (less than two fold), even in patients with
severely impaired renal function.
The relatively modest increase in half-life in renal impairment is explained by a compensatory
increase in non-renal clearance, resulting from a decrease in protein binding and corresponding
increase in non-renal clearance of total ceftriaxone.
In patients with hepatic impairment, the elimination half-life of ceftriaxone is not increased, due
to a compensatory increase in renal clearance. This is also due to an increase in plasma free
fraction of ceftriaxone contributing to the observed paradoxical increase in total drug clearance,
with an increase in volume of distribution paralleling that of total clearance.
Older people
In older people aged over 75 years the average elimination half-life is usually two to three times
that of young adults.

Paediatric population
The half-life of ceftriaxone is prolonged in neonates. From birth to 14 days of age, the levels of
free ceftriaxone may be further increased by factors such as reduced glomerular filtration and
altered protein binding. During childhood, the half-life is lower than in neonates or adults.
The plasma clearance and volume of distribution of total ceftriaxone are greater in neonates,
infants and children than in adults.
Linearity/non-linearity
The pharmacokinetics of ceftriaxone are non-linear and all basic pharmacokinetic parameters,
except the elimination half-life, are dose dependent if based on total drug concentrations,
increasing less than proportionally with dose. Non-linearity is due to saturation of plasma protein
binding and is therefore observed for total plasma ceftriaxone but not for free (unbound)
ceftriaxone.

Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship
As with other beta-lactams, the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic index demonstrating the best
correlation with in vivo efficacy is the percentage of the dosing interval that the unbound
concentration remains above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ceftriaxone for
individual target species (i.e. %T > MIC).

 

There is evidence from animal studies that high doses of ceftriaxone calcium salt led to formation
of concrements and precipitates in the gallbladder of dogs and monkeys, which proved to be
reversible. Animal studies produced no evidence of toxicity to reproduction and genotoxicity.
Carcinogenicity studies on ceftriaxone were not conducted.

None

Based on literature reports, ceftriaxone is not compatible with amsacrine, vancomycin,
fluconazole, aminoglycosides and labetalol.
Solutions containing ceftriaxone should not be mixed with or added to other agents except those
mentioned in section 6.6. In particular diluents containing calcium, (e.g. Ringer's solution,
Hartmann's solution) should not be used to reconstitute ceftriaxone vials or bottles or to further
dilute a reconstituted vial or bottle for intravenous administration because a precipitate can form.
Ceftriaxone must not be mixed or administered simultaneously with calcium containing solutions
including total parenteral nutrition (see section 4.2, 4.3, 4.4 and 4.8).
If treatment with a combination of another antibiotic with Ceftriaxone is intended, administration
should not occur in the same syringe or in the same infusion solution.
This medicinal product must not be mixed with other medicinal products except those mentioned
in section 6.6.

2 years Chemical and physical in-use stability of the reconstituted product has been demonstrated for at least 6 hours at or below 25°C or 24 hours at 2-8°C. From a microbiological point of view, the product should be used immediately. If not used immediately, in-use storage times and conditions prior to use are the responsibility of the user and would not be longer than 24 hours at 2 to 8°C, unless reconstitution/dilution has taken place in controlled and validated aseptic conditions.

Store below 30oC.
Keep the vial in the outer carton in order to protect from light.
For storage conditions of the reconstituted medicinal product, see section 6.3.

Ceftriaxone 1 g Powder for Solution for Injection or Infusion
20 ml moulded (Type II) clear glass vial; stoppered with 20 mm grey bromo butyl rubber
stopper and sealed with 20 mm aluminium flip-off seal containing
Ceftriaxone Sodium equivalent to Ceftriaxone 1 g
The medicinal product is supplied in pack sizes of 1 vial.

Concentrations for the intravenous injection: 100 mg/ml,
Concentrations for the intravenous infusion: 50 mg/ml
(Please refer to section 4.2 for further information).

Preparation of solutions for injection and infusion
The use of freshly prepared solutions is recommended. For storage conditions of the reconstituted
medicinal product, see section 6.3.
Ceftriaxone should not be mixed in the same syringe with any drug other than 1% Lidocaine
Hydrochloride solution (for intramuscular injection only).
The infusion line should be flushed after each administration.

Ceftriaxone 1 g Powder for Solution for Injection or Infusion
For IV injection 1 g Ceftriaxone is dissolved in 10 ml of water for injections; which produces a
clear solution. The injection should be administered over 5 minutes, directly into the vein or
via the tubing of an intravenous infusion.

For IM injection 1 g Ceftriaxone is dissolved in 3.5 ml of 1% Lidocaine Hydrochloride
solution; which produces a clear solution. The solution should be administered by deep
intramuscular injection. Dosages greater than 1 g should be divided and injected at more than one
site.

The displacement volume of 1 g of Ceftriaxone is 0.71 ml in water for injections and 1%
lidocaine hydrochloride solution. When adding 10 ml of water for injections, the final
concentration of the reconstituted solution is 93.37 mg/ml. When adding 3.5 ml of 1% lidocaine
hydrochloride solution, the final concentration of the reconstituted solution is 237.53 mg/ml.