Treatment for chronic iron overload, e.g.

• Transfusional haemosiderosis in patients receiving regular transfusions e.g. thalassaemia major

• primary and secondary haemochromatosis in patients in whom concomitant disorders (e.g. severe anaemia, hypoproteinaemia, renal or cardiac failure) preclude phlebotomy.

Treatment for acute iron poisoning.

For the diagnosis of iron storage disease and certain anaemias.

Aluminium overload - In patients on maintenance dialysis for end stage renal failure where preventative measures (e.g. reverse osmosis) have failed and with proven aluminium-related bone disease and/or anaemia, dialysis encephalopathy; and for diagnosis of aluminium overload .

Froxa may be administered parenterally.

For parenteral administration:

The drug should preferably be employed in the form of a 10% solution, e.g. 500 mg: by dissolving the contents of one 500mg vial in 5ml of water for injection. When administered subcutaneously the needle should not be inserted too close to the dermis. The 10% Froxa solution can be diluted with routinely employed infusion solutions (saline, glucose, dextrose or dextrose-saline), although these should not be used as solvent for the dry substance. Dissolved Froxa can also be added to dialysis fluid and given intraperitoneally to patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) or continuous cyclic peritoneal dialysis (CCPD).

Only clear pale yellow Froxa solutions should be used. Opaque, cloudy or discoloured solutions should be discarded. Heparin is pharmaceutically incompatible with Froxa solutions.

Treatment of acute iron poisoning

Adults and children:

Froxa may be administered parenterally. Froxa is an adjunct to standard measures generally used in treating acute iron poisoning. It is important to initiate treatment as soon as possible.

Parenteral Froxa treatment should be considered in any of the following situations:

• all symptomatic patients exhibiting more than transient minor symptoms (e.g. more than one episode of emesis or passage of one soft stool),

• patients with evidence of lethargy, significant abdominal pain, hypovolaemia, or acidosis,

• patients with positive abdominal radiograph results demonstrating multiple radio-opacities (the great majority of these patients will go on to develop symptomatic iron poisoning),

• any symptomatic patient with a serum iron level greater than 300 to 350 micro g/dL regardless of the total iron binding capacity (TIBC). It has also been suggested that a conservative approach without Froxa therapy or challenge should be considered when serum iron levels are in the 300 to 500 micro g/dL range in asymptomatic patients, as well as in those with self-limited, non-bloody emesis or diarrhoea without other symptoms.

The dosage and route of administration should be adapted to the severity of the poisoning.

Dosage:

The continuous intravenous administration of Froxa is the preferred route and the recommended rate for infusion is 15 mg/kg per hour and should be reduced as soon as the situation permits, usually after 4 to 6 hours so that the total intravenous dose does not exceed a recommended 80 mg/kg in any 24 hour period.

However, if the option to infuse intravenously is not available and if the intramuscular route is used the normal dosage is 2 g for an adult and 1g for a child, administered as a single intramuscular dose.

The decision to discontinue Froxa therapy must be a clinical decision; however, the following suggested criteria are believed to represent appropriate requirements for the cessation of Froxa. Chelation therapy should be continued until all of the following criteria are satisfied:

• the patient must be free of signs and symptoms of systemic iron poisoning (e.g. no acidosis, no worsening hepatoxicity),

• ideally, a corrected serum iron level should be normal or low (when iron level falls below 100 micro g/dL). Given that laboratories cannot measure serum iron concentrations accurately in the presence of Froxa, it is acceptable to discontinue Froxa when all other criteria are met if the measured serum iron concentration is not elevated.

• Repeat abdominal radiograph test should be obtained in patients who initially demonstrated multiple radio-opacities to ensure they have disappeared before Froxa is discontinued because they serve as a marker for continued iron absorption,

• If the patient initially developed vin-rose coloured urine with Froxa therapy, it seems reasonable that urine colour should return to normal before halting Froxa (absence of vin-rose urine is not sufficient by itself to indicate discontinuation of Froxa).

The effectiveness of treatment is dependent on an adequate urine output in order that the iron complex (ferrioxamine) is excreted from the body. Therefore if oliguria or anuria develop, peritoneal dialysis or haemodialysis may become necessary to remove ferrioxamine.

It should be noted that the serum iron level may rise sharply when the iron is released from the tissues.

Theoretically 100 mg Froxa can chelate 8.5 mg of ferric iron.

Chronic Iron Overload

The main aim of therapy in well-controlled patients is to maintain an iron balance and prevent haemosiderosis, whilst in overloaded patients a negative iron balance is desirable in order to deplete the increased iron stores and to prevent the toxic effects of iron.

Adults and children:

Froxa therapy should be commenced after the first 10- 20 blood transfusions, or when there is evidence from clinical monitoring that chronic iron overload is present (e.g. serum ferritin >1000 ng/mL. The dose and mode of administration should be individually adapted according to the degree of iron overload.

Growth retardation may result from iron overload or excessive Froxa doses. If chelation is started before 3 years of age growth must be monitored carefully and the mean daily dose should not exceed 40mg/kg. (see section 4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use).

Dose:

The lowest effective dose should be used. The average daily dose will probably lie between 20 and 60 mg/kg/day. Patients with serum ferritin levels of < 2000 ng/mL should require about 25 mg/kg/day, and those with levels between 2000 and 3000 ng/mL about 35 mg/kg/day. Higher doses should only be employed if the benefit for the patient outweighs the risk of unwanted effects.

Patients with higher serum ferritin may require up to 55 mg/kg/day. It is inadvisable to regularly exceed an average daily dose of 50 mg/kg/day except when very intensive chelation is needed in patients who have completed growth. If ferritin values fall below 1000 ng/mL, the risk of Froxa toxicity increases; it is important to monitor these patients particularly carefully and perhaps to consider lowering the total weekly dose.

To assess the chelation therapy, 24 hour urinary iron excretion should initially be monitored daily. Starting with a dose of 500 mg daily the dose should be raised until a plateau of iron excretion is reached. Once the appropriate dose has been established, urinary iron excretion rates can be assessed at intervals of a few weeks.

Alternatively the mean daily dose may be adjusted based on ferritin level in order to keep the therapeutic index below 0.025 (i.e. the mean daily dose (mg/kg) of Froxa divided by the serum ferritin level (micro g/L) should be below 0.025). The therapeutic index is a valuable tool in protecting the patient from excess chelation, but it is not a substitute for careful clinical monitoring.

Mode of administration:

Slow subcutaneous infusion using a portable, light-weight, infusion pump over a period of 8-12 hours is effective and particularly convenient for ambulant patients. It may be possible to achieve a further increase in iron excretion by infusing the same daily dose over a 24 hour period. Froxa should normally be used with the pump 5-7 times a week. Froxa is not formulated to support subcutaneous bolus injection.

Since the subcutaneous infusions are more effective, intramuscular injections are given only when subcutaneous infusions are not feasible.

Elderly

Clinical studies of Froxa did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 years and over to determine whether they respond differently compared to younger subjects. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy' (see sections 4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use and 4.8 Undesirable effects).

Hepatic impairment

No studies have been performed in patients with hepatic impairment.

Intravenous infusion during blood transfusion

The availability of an intravenous line during blood transfusions makes it possible to administer an intravenous infusion, e.g. in patients who comply poorly with and/or do not tolerate subcutaneous infusions.

The Froxa solution should not be put directly into the blood bag but may be added to the blood line by means of a “Y” adaptor located near to venous site of injection. The patient's pump should be used to administer Froxa as usual. Because of the limited amount of drug that can be administered by IV infusion during blood transfusion, the clinical benefit of this mode of administration is limited. Patients and nurses should be warned against accelerating the infusion, as an intravenous bolus of Froxa may lead to flushing, hypotension and circulatory collapse (see section 4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use).

Continuous intravenous infusion is recommended for patients incapable of continuing subcutaneous infusions and in those who have cardiac problems secondary to iron overload. 24 hour urinary iron excretion should be measured regularly where intensive chelation (i.v.) is required, and the dose adjusted accordingly. Implanted intravenous systems can be used when intensive chelation is carried out.

Care should be taken when flushing the line to avoid a sudden infusion of residual Froxa which may be present in the dead space of the line, as this may lead to flushing, hypotension and circulatory collapse (see section 4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use).

Diagnosis of iron storage disease and certain anaemias

The Froxa test for iron overload is based on the principle that normal subjects do not excrete more than a fraction of a milligram of iron in their urine daily, and that a standard intramuscular injection of 500 mg of Froxa will not increase this above 1 mg of iron (18 micro mol). In iron storage diseases, however, the increase may be well over 1.5 mg (27 micro mol). It should be borne in mind that the test only yields reliable results when renal function is normal.

Froxa is administered as 500 mg intramuscular injection. Urine is then collected for a period of 6 hours and its iron content determined.

Excretion of 1-1.5 mg (18-27 micro mol) of iron during this 6-hour period is suggestive of iron overload; values greater than 1.5 mg (27 micro mol) can be regarded as pathological.

Treatment for aluminium overload in patients with end stage renal failure

Patients should receive Froxa if:

- They have symptoms or evidence of organ impairment due to aluminium overload

- they are asymptomatic but their serum aluminium levels are consistently above 60 ng/mL and associated with a positive Froxa test (see below), particularly if a bone biopsy provides evidence of aluminium related bone disease.

The iron and aluminium complexes of Froxa are dialysable. In patients with renal failure their elimination will be increased by dialysis.

Adults and children:

Patients on maintenance haemodialysis or hemofiltration: 5 mg/kg once a week. Patients with post-desferrioxamine test serum aluminium levels up to 300 ng/mL: Froxa should be given as a slow i.v. infusion during the last 60 minutes of a dialysis session (to reduce loss of free drug in the dialysate). Patients with a post-desferrioxamine test serum aluminium value above 300 ng/ml: Froxa should be administered by slow i.v. infusion 5 hours prior to the dialysis session.

Four weeks after the completion of a three month course of Froxa treatment a Froxa infusion test should be performed, followed by a second test 1 month later. Serum aluminium increases of less than 50ng/mL above baseline measured in 2 successive infusion tests indicate that further Froxa treatment is not necessary.

Patients on CAPD or CCPD:

5 mg/kg once a week prior to the final exchange of the day. It is recommended that the intraperitoneal route be used in these patients. However, Froxa can also be given i.m., by slow infusion i.v. or s.c.

Diagnosis of aluminium overload in patients with end stage renal failure

A Froxa infusion test is recommended in patients with serum aluminium levels > 60ng/mL associated with serum ferritin levels >100 ng/mL.

Just before starting the haemodialysis session, a blood sample is taken to determine the baseline level serum aluminium level.

During the last 60 minutes of the haemodialysis session a 5mg/kg dose is given as a slow intravenous infusion.

At the start of the next haemodialysis session (i.e. 44 hours after the aforementioned Froxa infusion) the second blood sample is taken to determine the serum aluminium level once more.

An increase in serum aluminium above baseline of more than 150 ng/mL is suggestive of aluminium overload. It should be noted that a negative test does not completely exclude the possibility of aluminium overload.

Theoretically, 100 mg Froxa can bind 4.1 mg Al⁺⁺⁺.

Use in the elderly

No special dosage regime is necessary but concurrent renal insufficiency should be taken into account.

Renal impairment

Froxa  should be used with caution in patients with renal impairment since the metal complexes are excreted via the kidneys. In these patients, dialysis will increase the elimination of chelated iron and aluminium. Isolated cases of acute renal failure have been reported (see also section 4.8 Undesirable effects). Monitoring patients for changes in renal function (e.g. increased serum creatinine) should be considered.

Neurological impairment

Used alone Froxa  may exacerbate neurological impairment in patients with aluminium-related encephalopathy. This deterioration (manifest as seizures) is probably related to an acute increase in brain aluminium secondary to elevated circulating levels. Pretreatment with clonazepam has been shown to afford protection against such impairment. Also, treatment of aluminium overload may result in decreased serum calcium and aggravation of hyperparathyroidism.

Rapid intravenous infusion

Treatment with Froxa  by the intravenous route should only be administered in the form of slow infusions. Rapid intravenous infusion may lead to hypotension and shock (e.g. flushing, tachycardia, circulatory collapse and urticaria).

Instructions for use and handling

Froxa  should not be administered s.c. in concentrations and/or doses higher than those recommended as local irritation at the site of administration may occur more frequently.

Infections

Patients suffering from iron overload are particularly susceptible to infection. There have been reports of Froxa  promoting some infections such as Yersinia enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis. If patients develop fever with pharyngitis, diffuse abdominal pain or enteritis/enterocolitis, Froxa  therapy should be stopped, and appropriate treatment with antibiotics should be instituted. Froxa  therapy may be resumed once the infection has cleared.

In patients, receiving Froxa  for aluminium and/or iron overload there have been rare reports of mucormycosis (a severe fungal infection), some with fatal outcome. If any characteristic signs or symptoms occur Froxa  treatment should be discontinued, mycological tests carried out and appropriate treatment immediately instituted. Mucormycosis has been reported to occur in dialysis patients not receiving Froxa , thus no causal link with the use of the drug has been established.

Visual and hearing impairment

Disturbances of vision and hearing have been reported during prolonged Froxa  therapy. In particular, this has occurred in patients on higher than recommended therapy or in patients with low serum ferritin levels. Patients with renal failure who are receiving maintenance dialysis and have low ferritin levels may be particularly prone to adverse reactions, visual symptoms having been reported after single doses of Froxa . Therefore, ophthalmological and audiological tests should be carried out both prior to the institution of therapy with Froxa  and at 3-monthly intervals during treatment particularly if ferritin levels are low. By keeping the ratio of the mean daily dose (mg/kg of Froxa l) divided by the serum ferritin (micro g/L) below 0.025 the risk of audiometric abnormalities may be reduced in thalassaemia patients. A detailed ophthalmological assessment is recommended (visual field measurements, fundoscopy, and colour vision testing using pseudoisochromatic plates and the Farnsworth D-15 colour test, slit lamp investigation, visual evoked potential studies).

If disturbances of vision or hearing do occur, treatment with Froxa  should be stopped. Such disturbances are usually reversible. If Froxa  therapy is re-instituted later at a lower dosage, close monitoring of ophthalmological/auditory function should be carried out with due regard to the risk-benefit ratio.

Paediatrics: growth retardation

The use of inappropriately high doses of Froxa  in patients with low ferritin levels or young children (<3 years at commencement of treatment) has also been associated with growth retardation; dose reduction has been found to restore the growth rate to pretreatment levels in some cases. Three monthly checks on body weight and height are recommended in children.

Growth retardation if associated with excessive doses of Froxa  must be distinguished from growth retardation from iron overload. Growth retardation from Froxa  use is rare if the dose is kept below 40 mg/kg; if growth retardation has been associated with doses above this value, then reduction of the dose may result in return in growth velocity, however, predicted adult height is not attained.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome

Acute respiratory distress syndrome has been described following treatment with excessively high i.v. doses of Froxa  in patients with acute iron intoxication, and also in thalassaemic patients (see section 4.8 Undesirable effects). The recommended daily doses should therefore not be exceeded.

It should be noted that desferrioxamine will affect aluminium levels and may necessitate some dosage adjustment of erythropoietin if co-prescribed.

Oral administration of vitamin C (up to a maximum of 200 mg daily, given in divided doses) may serve to enhance excretion of the iron complex in response to Froxa ; larger doses of vitamin C fail to produce an additional effect. Monitoring of cardiac function is indicated during such combined therapy. Vitamin C should be given only if the patient is receiving Froxa regularly and should not be administered within the first month of Froxa  therapy. In patients with severe chronic iron-storage disease undergoing combined treatment with Froxa  and high doses of vitamin C (more than 500 mg daily) impairment of cardiac function has been encountered; this proved reversible when the vitamin C was withdrawn. Vitamin C supplements should not, therefore, be given to patients with cardiac failure.

Froxa should not be used in combination with prochlorperazine (a phenothiazine derivative) since prolonged unconsciousness may result.

Gallium⁶⁷ imaging results may be distorted because of the rapid urinary excretion of Froxa -bound radiolabel. Discontinuation of  Froxa  48 hours prior to scintigraphy is advised.

Women of child-bearing potential

In women of child-bearing potential, each case the benefits for the mother must be weighed against the risks for the

child.

Pregnancy

There is a limited amount of data on the use of desferrioxamine in pregnant patients. Studies in animals (rabbits) haveshown reproductive toxicity/teratogenicity (see section 5.3 Preclinical safety data). The risk to the foetus/mother is unknown.

Froxa should be used during pregnancy only if the expected benefits to the mother outweigh the potential risk to

the foetus.

Breastfeeding

It is not known whether Froxa is excreted into the breast milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk,

and because of the potential for serious adverse drug reactions in breast-fed newborns/infants, a decision should be

made whether to abstain from breast-feeding or to abstain from using the medicinal product, taking into account the

importance of the medicinal product to the mother

Patients experiencing CNS effects such as dizziness or impaired vision or hearing should be warned against driving or operating machinery..

Adverse reactions (Table 1) are ranked under heading of frequency, the most frequent first, using the following convention: very common (≥ 1/10); common (≥ 1/100 to < 1/10); uncommon (≥ 1/1,000 to ≤ 1/100); rare (≥ 1/10,000 to ≤ 1/1,000); very rare (≤ 1/10,000) including isolated reports; not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).

Some signs and symptoms reported as adverse effects may also be manifestations of the underlying disease (iron and/or aluminium overload).

Infections and infestations

Rare: Mucormycosis infections have been reported (see 4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use).

Very rare: Gastroenteritis yersinia infections have been reported (see 4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use).

Blood and lymphatic system disorders

Very rare: blood disorders including thrombocytopenia

Unknown: leukopenia

Immune system disorders

Very rare: anaphylactic shock, anaphylactic reactions, angioneurotic oedema.

Nervous system disorders

Very rare: neurological disturbances, including dizziness, precipitation or exacerbation of aluminium-related dialysis encephalopathy, neuropathy peripheral, paraesthesia (see 4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use).

Unknown: convulsion.

Eye disorders

Rare: loss of vision, scotoma, retinal degeneration, optic neuritis, cataracts (visual acuity decreased), blurred vision, night blindness, visual field defects, chromatopsia (impairment of colour vision), corneal opacities, (see 4.4. Special warnings and precautions for use). Eye disorders are rare, except if high doses are given.

Ear and labyrinth disorders

Uncommon: deafness neurosensory, tinnitus (see 4.4. Special warnings and precautions for use). Keeping

within dose guidelines helps minimise risk of hearing side effects.

Vascular disorders

Rare: hypotension, tachycardia and shock if precautions for administration are not adhered to (see 4.2 Posology and method of administration and 4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use).

Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders

Very rare: acute respiratory distress lung infiltration (see 4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use).

Gastrointestinal disorders

Very rare: diarrhoea.

Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders

Very rare: rash generalised.

Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders

Common: growth retardation and bone disorder (e.g. metaphyseal dysplasia) are common in chelated patients given doses of 60 mg/kg, especially those who begin iron chelation in the first three years of life. If doses are kept to 40 mg/kg or below, the risk is considerably reduced (see 4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use).

Unknown: muscle spasms.

Renal and urinary disorders

Unknown: acute renal failure, renal tubular disorder, blood creatinine increased (see 4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use and section 4.9 Overdose).

Special remarks

At the injection site pain, swelling, infiltration, erythema, pruritus and eschar/crust are very common; vesicles, local oedema and burning are uncommon reactions. The local manifestations may be accompanied by systemic reactions like arthralgia/myalgia (very common), headache (common), urticaria (common), nausea (common), pyrexia (common), vomiting (uncommon), or abdominal pain (uncommon) or asthma (uncommon).

Excretion of the iron complex may cause reddish-brown discoloration of the urine.

Convulsion has been mainly reported in dialysed patients with aluminium overload.

Patients treated for chronic aluminum overload

Froxa chelation therapy aluminum overload may result in hypocalcemia and aggravation of hyperparathyroidism (see section 4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use).

Froxa is usually administered parenterally and acute poisoning is unlikely to occur.

Signs and symptoms: tachycardia, hypotension and gastro-intestinal symptoms have occasionally occurred in patients who received an overdose of Froxa. Accidental administration of Froxa by the i.v. route may be associated with acute but transient loss of vision, aphasia, agitation, headache, nausea, bradycardia, hypotension and acute renal failure (see section 4.8 Undesirable effects).

Acute respiratory distress syndrome has been described following treatment with excessively high i.v. doses of Froxa in patients with acute iron intoxication, and also in thalassemic patients (see also section 4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use).

Treatment: there is no specific antidote to Froxa but signs and symptoms may be eliminated by reducing the dosage and Froxa is dialysable. Appropriate supportive therapy should be instituted.

Chelating agent (ATC code: V03AC01)

Froxa is a chelating agent for trivalent iron and aluminium ions; the resulting chelates (ferrioxamine and

aluminoxamine) are stable and non-toxic. Neither chelate undergoes intestinal absorption, and any formed

systemically as a result of parenteral administration is rapidly excreted via the kidneys without deleterious effects.

Froxa takes up iron either free or bound to ferritin and haemosiderin. Similarly it mobilises and chelates tissue bound aluminium. It does not remove iron from haemin containing substances including haemoglobin and transferrin.

Since both ferrioxamine and aluminoxamine are completely excreted, Froxa promotes the excretion of iron and aluminium in urine and faeces, thus reducing pathological iron or aluminium deposits in the organs and tissues .

Absorption

Desferrioxamine is rapidly absorbed after intramuscular bolus injection or slow subcutaneous infusion, but is only

poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract in the presence of intact mucosa.

During peritoneal dialysis desferrioxamine is absorbed if administered in the dialysis fluid.

Distribution

In healthy volunteers peak plasma concentrations of desferrioxamine (15.5 micro mol/L (87 micro g/mL)) were

measured 30 minutes after an intramuscular injection of 10 mg/kg desferrioxamine. One hour after injection the peak concentration of ferrioxamine was 3.7 micro mol/L (2.3 micro g/mL). Less than 10% of desferrioxamine is bound to serum proteins in vitro.

Biotransformation

Four metabolites of desferrioxamine were isolated from the urine of patients with iron overload. The following

biotransformation reactions were found to occur with desferrioxamine: transamination and oxidation yielding an acid metabolite, beta-oxidation also yielding an acid metabolite, decarboxylation and N-hydroxylation yielding neutral metabolites.

Elimination

Both desferrioxamine and ferrioxamine a biphasic elimination after intramuscular injection in healthy volunteers; for

desferrioxamine the apparent distribution half-life is 1 hour, and for ferrioxamine 2.4 hours. The apparent terminal

half-life is 6 hours for both. Within six hours of injection, 22% of the dose appears in the urine as desferrioxamine and 1% as ferrioxamine.

Characteristics in patients

In patients with haemochromatosis peak plasma levels of 7.0 micro mol/L (3.9 micro g/mL) were measured for

desferrioxamine, and 15.7 micro mol/L (9.6 micro g/mL) for ferrioxamine, 1 hour after an intramuscular injection of 10mg/kg desferrioxamine. These patients eliminated desferrioxamine and ferrioxamine with half-lives of 5.6 and 4.6

hours respectively. Six hours after the injection 17% of the dose was excreted in the urine as desferrioxamine and

12% as ferrioxamine.

In patients dialysed for renal failure who received 40 mg/kg desferrioxamine infused i.v. within 1 hour, the plasma

concentration at the end of the infusion was 152 micro mol/L (85.2 micro g/mL) when the infusion was given between dialysis sessions. Plasma concentrations of desferrioxamine were between 13% and 27% lower when the infusion was administered during dialysis. Concentrations of ferrioxamine were in all cases approximately 7.0 micro mol/L (4.3 micro g/mL) with concomitant aluminoxamine levels of 2-3 micro mol/litre (1.2-1.8 micro g/mL). After the infusion was discontinued, the plasma concentrations of desferrioxamine decreased rapidly with a half-life of 20 minutes. A smaller fraction of the dose was eliminated with a longer half-life of 14 hours. Plasma concentrations of aluminoxamine continued to increase for up to 48 hours post-infusion and reached values of approximately 7 micro mol/L (4 micro g/mL). Following dialysis the plasma concentration of aluminoxamine fell to 2.2 micro mol/L (1.3 micro g/mL), indicating that the aluminoxamine complex is dialysable.

In patients with thalassaemia continuous intravenous infusion of 50mg/kg/24h of desferrioxamine resulted in plasma

steady state levels of desferrioxamine of 7.4 micro mol/L. Elimination of desferrioxamine from plasma was biphasic

with a mean distribution half-life of 0.28 hours and an apparent terminal half-life of 3.0 hours. The total plasma

clearance was 0.5 L/h/kg and the volume of distribution at steady state was estimated at 1.35 L/kg. Exposure to the

main iron binding metabolite was around 54% of that of desferrioxamine in terms of AUC. The apparent

monoexponential elimination half-life of the metabolite was 1.3 hours.

NA

Water for Injection

Heparin solution for injection.

Physiological saline (0.9%) should not be used as a solvent for the dry substance. However, it may be used for further dilution after reconstitution of the Froxa solution with water for injection.

Do not store above 30°C.

Reconstituted solution: Single use only.

From a microbiological point of view, the product should be used immediately after reconstitution (commencement of treatment within 3 hours). When the reconstitution is carried out under validated aseptic conditions the reconstituted solution may be stored for a maximum of 24 hours at room temperature (30°C or below) before administration. If not used immediately, in-use storage times and conditions prior to administration are the responsibility of the user. Unused solution should be discarded.

Vial 6R

Bromobutyl rubber stopper 20 mm lyophilized

None stated.