Monotherapy in adults, adolescents and children over 6 years of age with partial seizures with or
without secondary generalised seizures, and primary generalised tonic-clonic seizures.
Adjunctive therapy in children aged 2 years and above, adolescents and adults with partial onset
seizures with or without secondary generalization or primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures and for
the treatment of seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.
Topiramate is indicated in adults for the prophylaxis of migraine headache after careful evaluation of
possible alternative treatment options. Topiramate is not intended for acute treatment.

Posology
It is recommended that therapy be initiated at a low dose followed by titration to an effective dose.
Dose and titration rate should be guided by clinical response.
It is not necessary to monitor topiramate plasma concentrations to optimize therapy with Alevio. On
rare occasions, the addition of topiramate to phenytoin may require an adjustment of the dose of
phenytoin to achieve optimal clinical outcome. Addition or withdrawal of phenytoin and
carbamazepine to adjunctive therapy with Alevio may require adjustment of the dose of Alevio.
In patients with or without a history of seizures or epilepsy, antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) including
topiramate should be gradually withdrawn to minimize the potential for seizures or increased seizure
frequency. In clinical trials, daily dosages were decreased in weekly intervals by 50-100 mg in adults
with epilepsy and by 25-50 mg in adults receiving topiramate at doses up to 100 mg/day for migraine
prophylaxis. In paediatric clinical trials, topiramate was gradually withdrawn over a 2-8 week period.
Monotherapy epilepsy:
General
When concomitant AEDs are withdrawn to achieve monotherapy with topiramate, consideration
should be given to the effects this may have on seizure control. Unless safety concerns require an
abrupt withdrawal of the concomitant AED, a gradual discontinuation at the rate of approximately
one-third of the concomitant AED dose every 2 weeks is recommended.
When enzyme inducing medicinal products are withdrawn, topiramate levels will increase. A decrease
in Alevio (topiramate) dosage may be required if clinically indicated.
Adults
Dose and titration should be guided by clinical response. Titration should begin at 25 mg nightly for 1
week. The dosage should then be increased at 1- or 2-week intervals by increments of 25 or 50
mg/day, administered in two divided doses. If the patient is unable to tolerate the titration regimen,
smaller increments or longer intervals between increments can be used.
The recommended initial target dose for topiramate monotherapy in adults is 100 mg/day to 200
mg/day in 2 divided doses. The maximum recommended daily dose is 500 mg/day in 2 divided doses.

Some patients with refractory forms of epilepsy have tolerated topiramate monotherapy at doses of
1,000 mg/day. These dosing recommendations apply to all adults including the elderly in the absence
of underlying renal disease.
Paediatric population (children over 6 years of age)
Dose and titration rate in children should be guided by clinical outcome. Treatment of children over 6
years of age should begin at 0.5 to 1 mg/kg nightly for the first week. The dosage should then be
increased at 1 or 2 week intervals by increments of 0.5 to 1 mg/kg/day, administered in two divided
doses. If the child is unable to tolerate the titration regimen, smaller increments or longer intervals
between dose increments can be used.
The recommended initial target dose range for topiramate monotherapy in children over 6 years of
age is 100 mg/day depending on clinical response, (this is about 2.0mg/kg/day in children 6-16 years).
Adjunctive therapy epilepsy (partial onset seizures with or without secondary generalization, primary
generalized tonic-clonic seizures, or seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome).
Adults
Therapy should begin at 25-50 mg nightly for one week. Use of lower initial doses has been reported,
but has not been studied systematically. Subsequently, at weekly or bi-weekly intervals, the dose
should be increased by 25-50 mg/day and taken in two divided doses. Some patients may achieve
efficacy with once-a-day dosing.
In clinical trials as adjunctive therapy, 200 mg was the lowest effective dose. The usual daily dose is
200-400 mg in two divided doses.
These dosing recommendations apply to all adults, including the elderly, in the absence of underlying
renal disease (see section 4.4).
Paediatric population (children aged 2 years and above)
The recommended total daily dose of Alevio (topiramate) as adjunctive therapy is approximately 5 to
9 mg/kg/day in two divided doses. Titration should begin at 25 mg (or less, based on a range of 1 to 3
mg/kg/day) nightly for the first week. The dosage should then be increased at 1- or 2-week intervals
by increments of 1 to 3 mg/kg/day (administered in two divided doses), to achieve optimal clinical
response.
Daily doses up to 30 mg/kg/day have been studied and were generally well tolerated.

Migraine
Adults
The recommended total daily dose of topiramate for prophylaxis of migraine headache is 100 mg/day
administered in two divided doses. Titration should begin at 25 mg nightly for 1 week. The dosage
should then be increased in increments of 25 mg/day administered at 1-week intervals. If the patient is
unable to tolerate the titration regimen, longer intervals between dose adjustments can be used.
Some patients may experience a benefit at a total daily dose of 50 mg/day. Patients have received a
total daily dose up to 200 mg/day. This dose may be benefit in some patients, nevertheless, caution is
advised due to an increase incidence of side effects.
Paediatric population
Alevio (topiramate) is not recommended for treatment or prevention of migraine in children due to
insufficient data on safety and efficacy.
General dosing recommendations for Alevio in special patient populations
Renal impairment
In patients with impaired renal function (CLCR ≤ 70 mL/min) topiramate should be administered with
caution as the plasma and renal clearance of topiramate are decreased. Subjects with known renal
impairment may require a longer time to reach steady-state at each dose. Half of the usual starting and
maintenance dose is recommended (see section 5.2).
In patients with end-stage renal failure, since topiramate is removed from plasma by haemodialysis, a
supplemental dose of Alevio equal to approximately one-half the daily dose should be administered
on haemodialysis days. The supplemental dose should be administered in divided doses at the
beginning and completion of the haemodialysis procedure. The supplemental dose may differ based
on the characteristics of the dialysis equipment being used (see section 5.2).
Hepatic impairment
In patients with moderate to severe hepatic impairment topiramate should be administered with
caution as the clearance of topiramate is decreased.

Elderly
No dose adjustment is required in the elderly population providing renal function is intact.
Method of administration
Alevio is available in film-coated tablets and a hard capsule formulation, for oral administration. It is
recommended that film-coated tablets not be broken. The hard capsule formulation is provided for
those patients who cannot swallow tablets, e.g. paediatric and the elderly.
Alevio can be taken without regard to meals

In situations where rapid withdrawal of topiramate is medically required, appropriate monitoring is
recommended (see section 4.2).
As with other AEDs, some patients may experience an increase in seizure frequency or the onset of
new types of seizures with topiramate. These phenomena may be the consequence of an overdose, a
decrease in plasma concentrations of concomitantly used AEDs, progress of the disease, or a
paradoxical effect.
Adequate hydration while using topiramate is very important. Hydration can reduce the risk of
nephrolithiasis (see below). Proper hydration prior to and during activities such as exercise or
exposure to warm temperatures may reduce the risk of heat-related adverse reactions (see section 4.8).

Women of childbearing potential
Topiramate may cause fetal harm and fetal growth restriction (small for gestational age and low birth
weight) when administered to a pregnant woman. The North American Antiepileptic Drug pregnancy
registry data for topiramate monotherapy showed an approximate 3 fold higher prevalence of major
congenital malformations (4.3%), compared with a reference group not taking AEDs (1.4%). In
addition, data from other studies indicate that, compared with monotherapy, there is an increased risk
of teratogenic effects associated with the use of AEDs in combination therapy.
Before the initiation of treatment with topiramate in a woman of childbearing potential, pregnancy
testing should be performed and a highly effective contraceptive method advised (see section 4.5).
The patient should be fully informed of the risks related to the use of topiramate during pregnancy
(see sections 4.3 and 4.6).
Oligohydrosis
Oligohydrosis (decreased sweating) has been reported in association with the use of topiramate.
Decreased sweating and hyperthermia (rise in body temperature) may occur especially in young
children exposed to high ambient temperature.
Mood disturbances/depression
An increased incidence of mood disturbances and depression has been observed during topiramate
treatment.
Suicide/suicide ideation
Suicidal ideation and behaviour have been reported in patients treated with anti-epileptic agents in
several indications. A meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trials of AEDs has shown a
small increased risk of suicidal ideation and behaviour. The mechanism of this risk is not known and
the available data do not exclude the possibility of an increased risk for topiramate.
In double blind clinical trials, suicide related events (SREs) (suicidal ideation, suicide attempts and
suicide) occurred at a frequency of 0.5% in topiramate treated patients (46 out of 8,652 patients
treated) and at a nearly 3-fold higher incidence than those treated with placebo (0.2%; 8 out of 4,045
patients treated).

Patients therefore should be monitored for signs of suicidal ideation and behaviour and appropriate
treatment should be considered. Patients (and caregivers of patients) should be advised to seek
medical advice should signs of suicidal ideation or behaviour emerge.
Nephrolithiasis
Some patients, especially those with a predisposition to nephrolithiasis, may be at increased risk for
renal stone formation and associated signs and symptoms such as renal colic, renal pain or flank pain.
Risk factors for nephrolithiasis include prior stone formation, a family history of nephrolithiasis and
hypercalciuria. None of these risk factors can reliably predict stone formation during topiramate
treatment. In addition, patients taking other medicinal products associated with nephrolithiasis may be
at increased risk.
Decreased renal function
In patients with impaired renal function (CLCR ≤ 70 mL/min) topiramate should be administered with
caution as the plasma and renal clearance of topiramate are decreased. For specific posology
recommendations in patients with decreased renal function, see section 4.2.
Decreased hepatic function
In hepatically-impaired patients, topiramate should be administered with caution as the clearance of
topiramate may be decreased.
Acute myopia and secondary angle closure glaucoma
A syndrome consisting of acute myopia associated with secondary angle closure glaucoma has been
reported in patients receiving topiramate. Symptoms include acute onset of decreased visual acuity
and/or ocular pain. Ophthalmologic findings can include myopia, anterior chamber shallowing, ocular
hyperaemia (redness) and increased intraocular pressure. Mydriasis may or may not be present. This
syndrome may be associated with supraciliary effusion resulting in anterior displacement of the lens
and iris, with secondary angle closure glaucoma. Symptoms typically occur within 1 month of
initiating topiramate therapy. In contrast to primary narrow angle glaucoma, which is rare under 40
years of age, secondary angle closure glaucoma associated with topiramate has been reported in
paediatric patients as well as adults. Treatment includes discontinuation of topiramate, as rapidly as possible in the judgment of the treating physician, and appropriate measures to reduce intraocular
pressure. These measures generally result in a decrease in intraocular pressure.
Elevated intraocular pressure of any aetiology, if left untreated, can lead to serious sequelae including
permanent vision loss.
A determination should be made whether patients with history of eye disorders should be treated with
topiramate.
Visual field defects
Visual field defects have been reported in patients receiving topiramate independent of elevated
intraocular pressure. In clinical trials, most of these events were reversible after topiramate
discontinuation. If visual field defects occur at any time during topiramate treatment, consideration
should be given to discontinuing the drug.
Metabolic acidosis
Hyperchloremic, non-anion gap, metabolic acidosis (i.e. decreased serum bicarbonate below the
normal reference range in the absence of respiratory alkalosis) is associated with topiramate
treatment. This decrease in serum bicarbonate is due to the inhibitory effect of topiramate on renal
carbonic anhydrase. Generally, the decrease in bicarbonate occurs early in treatment although it can
occur at any time during treatment. These decreases are usually mild to moderate (average decrease of
4 mmol/l at doses of 100 mg/day or above in adults and at approximately 6 mg/kg/day in paediatric
patients). Rarely, patients have experienced decreases to values below 10 mmol/l. Conditions or
therapies that predispose to acidosis (such as renal disease, severe respiratory disorders, status
epilepticus, diarrhoea, surgery, ketogenic diet, or certain medicinal products) may be additive to the
bicarbonate lowering effects of topiramate.

Chronic metabolic acidosis increases the risk of renal stone formation and may potentially lead to
osteopenia.
Chronic metabolic acidosis in paediatric patients can reduce growth rates. The effect of topiramate on
bone-related sequelae has not been systematically investigated in paediatric or adult populations.
Depending on underlying conditions, appropriate evaluation including serum bicarbonate levels is
recommended with topiramate therapy. If signs or symptoms are present (e.g. Kussmaul's deep breathing, dyspnoea, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, excessive tiredness, tachycardia or arrhythmia),
indicative of metabolic acidosis, measurement of serum bicarbonate is recommended. If metabolic
acidosis develops and persists, consideration should be given to reducing the dose or discontinuing
topiramate (using dose tapering).
Topiramate should be used with caution in patients with conditions or treatments that represent a risk
factor for the appearance of metabolic acidosis.
Impairment of cognitive function
Cognitive impairment in epilepsy is multifactorial and may be due to the underlying aetiology, due to
the epilepsy or due to the anti-epileptic treatment. There have been reports in the literature of
impairment of cognitive function in adults on topiramate therapy which required reduction in dosage
or discontinuation of treatment. However, studies regarding cognitive outcomes in children treated
with topiramate are insufficient and its effect in this regard still needs to be elucidated.
Hyperammonemia and encephalopathy
Hyperammonemia with or without encephalopathy has been reported with topiramate treatment (see
section 4.8). The risk for hyperammonemia with topiramate appears dose-related. Hyperammonemia
has been reported more frequently when topiramate is used concomitantly with valproic acid (see
section 4.5).
In patients who develop unexplained lethargy or changes in mental status associated with topiramate
monotherapy or adjunctive therapy, it is recommended to consider hyperammonemic encephalopathy
and measuring ammonia levels.
Nutritional supplementation
Some patients may experience weight loss whilst on treatment with topiramate. It is recommended
that patients on topiramate treatment should be monitored for weight loss. A dietary supplement or
increased food intake may be considered if the patient is losing weight while on topiramate.
Lactose intolerance
Alevio tablets contain lactose. Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, Lapp
lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medication.

Effects of Alevio on other antiepileptic medicinal products
The addition of Alevio to other AEDs (phenytoin, carbamazepine, valproic acid, phenobarbital,
primidone) has no effect on their steady-state plasma concentrations, except in the occasional patient,
where the addition of Alevio to phenytoin may result in an increase of plasma concentrations of
phenytoin. This is possibly due to inhibition of a specific enzyme polymorphic isoform (CYP2C19).
Consequently, any patient on phenytoin showing clinical signs or symptoms of toxicity should have
phenytoin levels monitored.
A pharmacokinetic interaction study of patients with epilepsy indicated the addition of topiramate to
lamotrigine had no effect on steady state plasma concentration of lamotrigine at topiramate doses of
100 to 400 mg/day. In addition, there was no change in steady state plasma concentration of
topiramate during or after removal of lamotrigine treatment (mean dose of 327 mg/day).
Topiramate inhibits the enzyme CYP 2C19 and may interfere with other substances metabolized via
this enzyme (e.g., diazepam, imipramin, moclobemide, proguanil, omeprazol).
Effects of other antiepileptic medicinal products on Alevio
Phenytoin and carbamazepine decrease the plasma concentration of topimarate. The addition or
withdrawal of phenytoin or carbamazepine to Alevio therapy may require an adjustment in dosage of
the latter. This should be done by titrating to clinical effect. The addition or withdrawal of valproic
acid does not produce clinically significant changes in plasma concentrations of Alevio and, therefore,
does not warrant dosage adjustment of Alevio. The results of these interactions are summarized
below:

 Primidone ↔ NS
↔ = No effect on plasma concentration (≤15% change)
** = Plasma concentrations increase in individual patients
↓ = Plasma concentrations decrease
NS = Not studied
AED = antiepileptic drug

Other medicinal product interactions
Digoxin
In a single-dose study, serum digoxin area under plasma concentration curve (AUC) decreased 12%
due to concomitant administration of Alevio. The clinical relevance of this observation has not been
established. When Alevio is added or withdrawn in patients on digoxin therapy, careful attention
should be given to the routine monitoring of serum digoxin.
Central nervous system depressants
Concomitant administration of Alevio and alcohol or other central nervous system (CNS) depressant
medicinal products has not been evaluated in clinical studies. It is recommended that Alevio not be
used concomitantly with alcohol or other CNS depressant medicinal products.
St John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum)
A risk of decreased plasma concentrations resulting in a loss of efficacy could be observed with coadministration
of topiramate and St John's Wort. There have been no clinical studies evaluating this
potential interaction.
Oral contraceptives
In a pharmacokinetic interaction study in healthy volunteers with a concomitantly administered
combination oral contraceptive product containing 1 mg norethindrone (NET) plus 35 μg ethinyl
estradiol (EE), Alevio given in the absence of other medications at doses of 50 to 200 mg/day was not
associated with statistically significant changes in mean exposure (AUC) to either component of the
oral contraceptive. In another study, exposure to EE was statistically significantly decreased at doses of 200, 400, and 800 mg/day (18%, 21%, and 30%, respectively) when given as adjunctive therapy in
epilepsy patients taking valproic acid. In both studies, Alevio (50-200 mg/day in healthy volunteers
and 200-800 mg/day in epilepsy patients) did not significantly affect exposure to NET. Although
there was a dose dependent decrease in EE exposure for doses between 200-800 mg/day (in epilepsy
patients), there was no significant dose dependent change in EE exposure for doses of 50-200 mg/day
(in healthy volunteers). The clinical significance of the changes observed is not known. The
possibility of decreased contraceptive efficacy and increased breakthrough bleeding should be
considered in patients taking combination oral contraceptive products with Alevio. Patients taking
estrogen containing contraceptives should be asked to report any change in their bleeding patterns.
Contraceptive efficacy can be decreased even in the absence of breakthrough bleeding.
Lithium
In healthy volunteers, there was an observed reduction (18% for AUC) in systemic exposure for
lithium during concomitant administration with topiramate 200 mg/day. In patients with bipolar
disorder, the pharmacokinetics of lithium were unaffected during treatment with topiramate at doses
of 200 mg/day; however, there was an observed increase in systemic exposure (26% for AUC)
following topiramate doses of up to 600 mg/day. Lithium levels should be monitored when coadministered
with topiramate.
Risperidone
Drug-drug interaction studies conducted under single dose conditions in healthy volunteers and
multiple dose conditions in patients with bipolar disorder, yielded similar results. When administered
concomitantly with topiramate at escalating doses of 100, 250 and 400 mg/day there was a reduction
in risperidone (administered at doses ranging from 1 to 6 mg/day) systemic exposure (16% and 33%
for steady-state AUC at the 250 and 400 mg/day doses, respectively). However, differences in AUC
for the total active moiety between treatment with risperidone alone and combination treatment with
topiramate were not statistically significant. Minimal alterations in the pharmacokinetics of the total
active moiety (risperidone plus 9-hydroxyrisperidone) and no alterations for 9-hydroxyrisperidone
were observed. There were no significant changes in the systemic exposure of the risperidone total
active moiety or of topiramate. When topiramate was added to existing risperidone (1-6 mg/day)
treatment, adverse events were reported more frequently than prior to topiramate (250-400 mg/day)

introduction (90% and 54% respectively). The most frequently reported AE's when topiramate was
added to risperidone treatment were: somnolence (27% and 12%), paraesthesia (22% and 0%) and
nausea (18% and 9% respectively).
Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ)
A drug-drug interaction study conducted in healthy volunteers evaluated the steady-state
pharmacokinetics of HCTZ (25 mg every 24 h) and topiramate (96 mg every 12 h) when administered
alone and concomitantly. The results of this study indicate that topiramate Cmax increased by 27% and
AUC increased by 29% when HCTZ was added to topiramate. The clinical significance of this change
is unknown. The addition of HCTZ to topiramate therapy may require an adjustment of the topiramate
dose. The steady-state pharmacokinetics of HCTZ were not significantly influenced by the
concomitant administration of topiramate. Clinical laboratory results indicated decreases in serum
potassium after topiramate or HCTZ administration, which were greater when HCTZ and topiramate
were administered in combination.
Metformin
A drug-drug interaction study conducted in healthy volunteers evaluated the steady-state
pharmacokinetics of metformin and topiramate in plasma when metformin was given alone and when
metformin and topiramate were given simultaneously. The results of this study indicated that
metformin mean Cmax and mean AUC0-12h increased by 18% and 25%, respectively, while mean CL/F
decreased 20% when metformin was co-administered with topiramate. Topiramate did not affect
metformin tmax. The clinical significance of the effect of topiramate on metformin pharmacokinetics is
unclear. Oral plasma clearance of topiramate appears to be reduced when administered with
metformin. The extent of change in the clearance is unknown. The clinical significance of the effect
of metformin on topiramate pharmacokinetics is unclear.
When Alevio is added or withdrawn in patients on metformin therapy, careful attention should be
given to the routine monitoring for adequate control of their diabetic disease state.
Pioglitazone
A drug-drug interaction study conducted in healthy volunteers evaluated the steady-state
pharmacokinetics of topiramate and pioglitazone when administered alone and concomitantly. A 15%

decrease in the AUC ,ss of pioglitazone with no alteration in Cmax,ss was observed. This finding was
not statistically significant. In addition, a 13% and 16% decrease in Cmax,ss and AUC ,ss respectively,
of the active hydroxy-metabolite was noted as well as a 60% decrease in Cmax,ss and AUC ,ss of the
active keto-metabolite. The clinical significance of these findings is not known. When Alevio is
added to pioglitazone therapy or pioglitazone is added to Alevio therapy, careful attention should be
given to the routine monitoring of patients for adequate control of their diabetic disease state.
Glyburide
A drug-drug interaction study conducted in patients with type 2 diabetes evaluated the steady-state
pharmacokinetics of glyburide (5 mg/day) alone and concomitantly with topiramate (150 mg/day).
There was a 25% reduction in glyburide AUC24during topiramate administration. Systemic exposure
of the active metabolites, 4-trans-hydroxy-glyburide (M1) and 3-cis-hydroxyglyburide (M2), were
also reduced by 13% and 15%, respectively. The steady-state pharmacokinetics of topiramate were
unaffected by concomitant administration of glyburide.
When topiramate is added to glyburide therapy or glyburide is added to topiramate therapy, careful
attention should be given to the routine monitoring of patients for adequate control of their diabetic
disease state.
Other forms of interactions
Agents predisposing to nephrolithiasis
Alevio, when used concomitantly with other agents predisposing to nephrolithiasis, may increase the
risk of nephrolithiasis. While using Alevio, agents like these should be avoided since they may create
a physiological environment that increases the risk of renal stone formation.
Valproic acid
Concomitant administration of topiramate and valproic acid has been associated with
hyperammonemia with or without encephalopathy in patients who have tolerated either medicinal
product alone. In most cases, symptoms and signs abated with discontinuation of either medicinal
product (see section 4.4 and section 4.8). This adverse reaction is not due to a pharmacokinetic
interaction.

Hypothermia, defined as an unintentional drop in body core temperature to <35°C, has been reported
in association with concomitant use of topiramate and valproic acid (VPA) both in conjunction with
hyperammonemia and in the absence of hyperammonemia. This adverse event in patients using
concomitant topiramate and valproate can occur after starting topiramate treatment or after increasing
the daily dose of topiramate.
Additional pharmacokinetic drug interaction studies
Clinical studies have been conducted to assess the potential pharmacokinetic drug interaction between
topiramate and other agents. The changes in Cmax or AUC as a result of the interactions are
summarized below. The second column (concomitant drug concentration) describes what happens to
the concentration of the concomitant drug listed in the first column when topiramate is added. The
third column (topiramate concentration) describes how the coadministration of a drug listed in the
first column modifies the concentration of topiramate.

Pregnancy Category D
If you are pregnant or breast-feeding, think you may be pregnant or are planning to have a baby, ask
your doctor for advice before taking this medicine. Your doctor will discuss use of contraceptives
with you, as well as discussing whether Alevio™ is suitable for you. As with other anti-epileptic
medicines, there is a risk of harm to the unborn child if Alevio™ is used during pregnancy. Make sure
you are very clear about the risks and the benefits of using Alevio™ for epilepsy during pregnancy.
You should not take Alevio™ for migraine prevention if you are pregnant or you are able to become
pregnant and you are not using effective contraception. Mothers who breast-feed while taking
Alevio™ must tell the doctor as soon as possible if the baby experiences anything unusual.
Risk related to epilepsy and AEDs in general
Specialist advice should be given to women who are of childbearing potential. The need for treatment
with AEDs should be reviewed when a woman is planning to become pregnant. In women being
treated for epilepsy, sudden discontinuation of AED therapy should be avoided as this may lead to
breakthrough seizures that could have serious consequences for the woman and the unborn child.

Monotherapy should be preferred whenever possible because therapy with multiple AEDs could be
associated with a higher risk of congenital malformations than monotherapy, depending on the
associated antiepileptics.
Risk related to topiramate
Topiramate was teratogenic in mice, rats and rabbits (see section 5.3). In rats, topiramate crosses the
placental barrier.
In humans, topiramate crosses the placenta and similar concentrations have been reported in the
umbilical cord and maternal blood.
Clinical data from pregnancy registries indicate that infants exposed to topiramate monotherapy have:
• An increased risk of congenital malformations (particularly cleft lip/palate, hypospadias, and
anomalies involving various body systems) following exposure during the first trimester. The North
American Antiepileptic Drug pregnancy registry data for topiramate monotherapy showed an
approximate 3-fold higher prevalence of major congenital malformations (4.3%), compared with a
reference group not taking AEDs (1.4%). In addition, data from other studies indicate that, compared
with monotherapy, there is an increased risk of teratogenic effects associated with the use of AEDs in
combination therapy. The risk has been reported to be dose dependent; effects were observed in all
doses. In women treated with topiramate who have had a child with a congenital malformation, there
appears to be an increased risk of malformations in subsequent pregnancies when exposed to
topiramate.
• A higher prevalence of low birth weight (<2500 grams) compared with a reference group.
• An increased prevalence of being small for gestational age (SGA; defined as birth weight below the
10th percentile corrected for their gestational age, stratified by sex). The long term consequences of
the SGA findings could not be determined.
Indication epilepsy
It is recommended to consider alternative therapeutic options in women of child bearing potential. If
topirmate is used in women of childbearing potential, it is recommended that highly effective
contraception be used (see section 4.5), and that the woman is fully informed of the known risks of
uncontrolled epilepsy to the pregnancy and the potential risks of the medicinal product to the foetus.

If a woman plans a pregnancy, a preconceptional visit is recommended in order to reassess the
treatment, and to consider other therapeutic options. In case of administration during the first
trimester, careful prenatal monitoring should be performed.
Indication migraine prophylaxis
Topiramate is contraindicated in pregnancy and in women of childbearing potential if a highly
effective method of contraception is not used (see sections 4.3 and 4.5).
Brest-feeding
Animal studies have shown excretion of topiramate in milk. The excretion of topiramate in human
milk has not been evaluated in controlled studies. Limited observations in patients suggest an
extensive excretion of topiramate into breast milk. Effects that have been observed in breastfed
newborns/infants of treated mothers, include diarrhea, drowsiness, irritability and inadequate weight
gain. Therefore, a decision must be made whether to suspend breast-feeding or to discontinue/ abstain
from topiramate therapy taking into account the importance of the medicinal product to the mother
(see section 4.4).
Fertility
Animal studies did not reveal impairment of fertility by topiramate (see section 5.3). The effect of
topiramate on human fertility has not been established.

Alevio has minor or moderate influence on the ability to drive and use machines. Topiramate acts on
the central nervous system and may produce drowsiness, dizziness or other related symptoms. It may
also cause visual disturbances and/or blurred vision. These adverse reactions could potentially be
dangerous in patients driving a vehicle or operating machinery, particularly until such time as the
individual patient's experience with the medicinal products established.

The safety of topiramate was evaluated from a clinical trial database consisting of 4,111 patients
(3,182 on topiramate and 929 on placebo) who participated in 20 double-blind trials and 2,847
patients who participated in 34 open-label trials, respectively, for topiramate as adjunctive treatment
of primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures, partial onset seizures, seizures associated with Lennox-
Gastaut syndrome, monotherapy for newly or recently diagnosed epilepsy or migraine prophylaxis.
The majority of adverse reactions were mild to moderate in severity. Adverse reactions identified in
clinical trials, and during post-marketing experience (as indicated by “*”) are listed by their incidence
in clinical trials in Table 1. Assigned frequencies are as follows:
Very common ≥1/10
Common ≥1/100 to <1/10
Uncommon ≥1/1,000 to <1/100
Rare ≥1/10,000 to <1/1,000
Not known cannot be estimated from the available data
The most common adverse reactions (those with an incidence of >5% and greater than that observed
in placebo in at least 1 indication in double-blind controlled studies with topiramate) include:
anorexia, decreased appetite, bradyphrenia, depression, expressive language disorder, insomnia,
coordination abnormal, disturbance in attention, dizziness, dysarthria, dysgeusia, hypoesthesia,
lethargy, memory impairment, nystagmus, paresthesia, somnolence, tremor, diplopia, vision blurred,
diarrhoea, nausea, fatigue, irritability, and weight decreased.
 

Infections and
infestations
Nasopharyngitis*
Blood and
lymphatic
system
Anaemia Leucopenia,
thrombocytopenia
lymphadenopathy,
Neutropenia

Immune system
disorders
Hypersensitivity Allergic
oedema*
Metabolism and
nutrition
disorders
Anorexia,
decreased
appetite
Metabolic
acidosis,
hypokalaemia,
increased
appetite,
polydipsia
Acidosis
hyperchloraemic,
hyperammonemia*,
hyperammonemic
encephalopathy*
Psychiatric
disorders
Depression Bradyphrenia,
insomnia,
expressive
language
disorder,
anxiety,
confusional
state,
disorientation,
aggression,
mood altered,
agitation, mood
swings,
depressed
mood, anger,
abnormal
behaviour
Suicidal ideation,
suicide attempt,
hallucination,
psychotic
disorder,
hallucination
auditory,
hallucination
visual, apathy,
lack of
spontaneous
speech, sleep
disorder, affect
lability, libido
decreased,
restlessness,
crying,
dysphemia,
euphoric mood,
paranoia,
perseveration,
Mania, panic
disorder, feeling of
despair*,
hypomania

panic attack,
tearfulness,
reading disorder,
initial insomnia,
flat affect,
thinking
abnormal, loss of
libido, listless,
middle insomnia,
distractibility,
early morning
awakening, panic
reaction, elevated
mood
Nervous system
disorders
Paraesthesia,
somnolence
Dizziness
Disturbance in
attention,
memory
impairment,
amnesia,
cognitive
disorder, mental
impairment,
psychomotor
skills impaired,
convulsion,
coordination
abnormal,
tremor,
lethargy,
hypoaesthesia,
Depressed level
of consciousness,
grand mal
convulsion, visual
field defect,
complex partial
seizures, speech
disorder,
psychomotor
hyperactivity,
syncope, sensory
disturbance,
drooling,
hypersomnia,
aphasia, repetitive
speech,
Apraxia, circadian
rhythm sleep
disorder,
hyperaesthesia,
hyposmia,
anosmia, essential
tremor, akinesia,
unresponsive to
stimuli

nystagmus,
dysgeusia,
balance
disorder,
dysarthria,
intention
tremor, sedation
hypokinesia,
dyskinesia,
dizziness postural,
poor quality sleep,
burning sensation,
sensory loss,
parosmia,
cerebellar
syndrome,
dysaesthesia,
hypogeusia,
stupor,
clumsiness, aura,
ageusia,
dysgraphia,
dysphasia,
neuropathy
peripheral,
presyncope,
dystonia,
formication
Eye disorders Vision blurred,
diplopia, visual
disturbance
Visual acuity
reduced, scotoma,
myopia*,
abnormal
sensation in eye*,
dry eye,
photophobia,
blepharospasm,
lacrimation
Blindness
unilateral,
blindness transient,
glaucoma,
accommodation
disorder, altered
visual depth
perception,
scintillating
Angle closure
glaucoma*,
Maculopathy*,
eye movement
disorder*,
conjunctival
oedema*

increased,
photopsia,
mydriasis,
presbyopia
scotoma, eyelid
oedema*, night
blindness,
amblyopia
Ear and
labyrinth
disorders
Vertigo,
tinnitus, ear
pain
Deafness,
deafness
unilateral,
deafness
neurosensory, ear
discomfort,
hearing impaired
Cardiac
disorders
Bradycardia,
sinus bradycardia,
palpitations
Vascular
disorders
Hypotension,
orthostatic
hypotension,
flushing, hot flush
Raynaud's
phenomenon
Respiratory,
thoracic and
mediastinal
disorders
Dyspnoea ,
epistaxis, nasal
congestion,
rhinorrhoea,
cough*
Dyspnoea
exertional,
Paranasal sinus
hypersecretion,
dysphonia
Gastrointestinal
disorders
Nausea,
diarrhoea
Vomiting,
constipation,
abdominal pain
upper,
dyspepsia,
abdominal pain,
Pancreatitis,
flatulence,
gastrooesophageal
reflux disease,
abdominal pain
lower,

dry mouth,
stomach
discomfort,
paraesthesia
oral, gastritis,
abdominal
discomfort
hypoaesthesia
oral, gingival
bleeding,
abdominal
distension,
epigastric
discomfort,
abdominal
tenderness,
salivary
hypersecretion,
oral pain, breath
odour,
glossodynia
Hepatobiliary
disorders
Hepatitis, Hepatic
failure
Skin and
subcutaneous
tissue disorders
Alopecia, rash,
pruritus
Anhidrosis,
hypoaesthesia
facial, urticaria,
erythema, pruritus
generalised, rash
macular, skin
discolouration,
dermatitis
allergic, swelling
face
Stevens-Johnson
syndrome*
erythema
multiforme*, skin
odour abnormal,
periorbital
oedema*, urticaria
localised
Toxic
epidermal
necrolysis*
Musculoskeletal
and connective
tissue disorders
Arthralgia,
muscle spasms,
myalgia, muscle
twitching,
Joint swelling*,
musculoskeletal
stiffness, flank
pain, muscle
Limb discomfort

muscular
weakness,
musculoskeletal
chest pain
fatigue
Renal and
urinary
disorders
Nephrolithiasis,
pollakiuria,
dysuria
Calculus urinary,
urinary
incontinence,
haematuria,
incontinence,
micturition
urgency, renal
colic, renal pain
Calculus ureteric,
renal tubular
acidosis*
Reproductive
system and
breast disorders
Erectile
dysfunction,
sexual
dysfunction
General
disorders and
administration
site conditions
Fatigue Pyrexia,
asthenia,
irritability, gait
disturbance,
feeling
abnormal,
malaise
Hyperthermia,
thirst, influenza
like illness*,
sluggishness,
peripheral
coldness, feeling
drunk, feeling
jittery
Face oedema,
calcinosis
Investigations Weight
decreased
Weight
increased*
Crystal urine
present, tandem
gait test abnormal,
white blood cell
count decreased,
Blood bicarbonate
decreased

Congenital malformations and fetal growth restrictions (see section 4.4 and section 4.6).
Paediatric population
Adverse reactions reported more frequently (≥2-fold) in children than in adults in double-blind
controlled studies include:
• Decreased appetite
• Increased appetite
• Hyperchloraemic acidosis
• Hypokalaemia
• Abnormal behaviour
• Aggression
• Apathy
• Initial insomnia
• Suicidal ideation
• Disturbance in attention
• Lethargy
• Circadian rhythm sleep disorder
• Poor quality sleep

• Lacrimation increased
• Sinus bradycardia
• Feeling abnormal
• Gait disturbance.
Adverse reactions that were reported in children but not in adults in double-blind controlled studies
include:
• Eosinophilia
• Psychomotor hyperactivity
• Vertigo
• Vomiting
• Hyperthermia
• Pyrexia
• Learning disability.

Signs and symptoms
Overdoses of topiramate have been reported. Signs and symptoms included convulsions, drowsiness,
speech disturbances, blurred vision, diplopia, impaired mentation, lethargy, abnormal coordination,
stupor, hypotension, abdominal pain, agitation, dizziness and depression. The clinical consequences
were not severe in most cases, but deaths have been reported after overdoses with multiple medicinal
products including topiramate.
Topiramate overdose can result in severe metabolic acidosis (see section 4.4).
Treatment
In acute topiramate overdose, if the ingestion is recent, the stomach should be emptied immediately
by lavage or by induction of emesis. Activated charcoal has been shown to adsorb topiramate in vitro.
Treatment should be appropriately supportive and the patient should be well hydrated. Haemodialysis
has been shown to be an effective means of removing topiramate from the body.

Pharmacotherapeutic group: antiepileptics, other antiepileptics, antimigraine preparations,
ATC code: N03AX11
Topiramate is classified as a sulfamate-substituted monosaccharide. The precise mechanism by which
topiramate exerts its antiseizure and migraine prophylaxis effects are unknown. Electrophysiological
and biochemical studies on cultured neurons have identified three properties that may contribute to
the antiepileptic efficacy of topiramate.
Action potentials elicited repetitively by a sustained depolarization of the neurons were blocked by
topiramate in a time-dependent manner, suggestive of a state-dependent sodium channel blocking
action. Topiramate increased the frequency at which γ-aminobutyrate (GABA) activated GABAA
receptors, and enhanced the ability of GABA to induce a flux of chloride ions into neurons,
suggesting that topiramate potentiates the activity of this inhibitory neurotransmitter.

This effect was not blocked by flumazenil, a benzodiazepine antagonist, nor did topiramate increase
the duration of the channel open time, differentiating topiramate from barbiturates that modulate
GABAA receptors.
Because the antiepileptic profile of topiramate differs markedly from that of the benzodiazepines, it
may modulate a benzodiazepine-insensitive subtype of GABAA receptor. Topiramate antagonized the
ability of kainate to activate the kainate/AMPA (α -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic
acid) subtype of excitatory amino acid (glutamate) receptor, but had no apparent effect on the activity
of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) at the NMDA receptor subtype. These effects of topiramate were
concentration-dependent over a range of 1 μM to 200 μM, with minimum activity observed at 1 μM
to 10 μM.
In addition, topiramate inhibits some isoenzymes of carbonic anhydrase. This pharmacologic effect is
much weaker than that of acetazolamide, a known carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, and is not thought to
be a major component of topiramate's antiepileptic activity.
In animal studies, topiramate exhibits anticonvulsant activity in rat and mouse maximal electroshock
seizure (MES) tests and is effective in rodent models of epilepsy, which include tonic and absencelike
seizures in the spontaneous epileptic rat (SER) and tonic and clonic seizures induced in rats by
kindling of the amygdala or by global ischemia. Topiramate is only weakly effective in blocking
clonic seizures induced by the GABAA receptor antagonist, pentylenetetrazole.
Studies in mice receiving concomitant administration of topiramate and carbamazepine or
phenobarbital showed synergistic anticonvulsant activity, while combination with phenytoin showed
additive anticonvulsant activity. In well-controlled add-on trials, no correlation has been demonstrated
between trough plasma concentrations of topiramate and its clinical efficacy. No evidence of
tolerance has been demonstrated in man.
Absence seizures
Two small one arm studies were carried out with children aged 4-11 years old (CAPSS-326 and
TOPAMAT-ABS-001). One included 5 children and the other included 12 children before it was
terminated early due to lack of therapeutic response. The doses used in these studies were up to
approximately 12 mg/kg in study TOPAMAT-ABS-001 and a maximum of the lesser of 9 mg/kg/day
or 400 mg/day in study CAPSS-326. These studies do not provide sufficient evidence to reach
conclusion regarding efficacy or safety in the paediatric population.

The film-coated tablet and hard capsule formulations are bioequivalent.
The pharmacokinetic profile of topiramate compared to other AEDs shows a long plasma half-life,
linear pharmacokinetics, predominantly renal clearance, absence of significant protein binding, and
lack of clinically relevant active metabolites.
Topiramate is not a potent inducer of drug metabolizing enzymes, can be administered without regard
to meals, and routine monitoring of plasma topiramate concentrations is not necessary. In clinical
studies, there was no consistent relationship between plasma concentrations and efficacy or adverse
events.
Absorption
Topiramate is rapidly and well absorbed. Following oral administration of 100 mg topiramate to
healthy subjects, a mean peak plasma concentration (Cmax) of 1.5 μg/ml was achieved within 2 to 3
hours (Tmax).
Based on the recovery of radioactivity from the urine the mean extent of absorption of a 100 mg oral
dose of 14C-topiramate was at least 81%. There was no clinically significant effect of food on the
bioavailability of topiramate.
Distribution
Generally, 13 to 17% of topiramate is bound to plasma protein. A low capacity binding site for
topiramate in/on erythrocytes that is saturable above plasma concentrations of 4 μg/ml has been
observed. The volume of distribution varied inversely with the dose. The mean apparent volume of
distribution was 0.80 to 0.55 l/kg for a single dose range of 100 to 1200 mg. An effect of gender on
the volume of distribution was detected, with values for females circa 50% of those for males. This
was attributed to the higher percent body fat in female patients and is of no clinical consequence.
Biotransformation
Topiramate is not extensively metabolized (~20%) in healthy volunteers. It is metabolized up to 50%
in patients receiving concomitant antiepileptic therapy with known inducers of drug metabolizing
enzymes. Six metabolites, formed through hydroxylation, hydrolysis and glucuronidation, have been isolated, characterized and identified from plasma, urine and faeces of humans. Each metabolite
represents less than 3% of the total radioactivity excreted following administration of 14C-topiramate.
Two metabolites, which retained most of the structure of topiramate, were tested and found to have
little or no anticonvulsant activity.
Elimination
In humans, the major route of elimination of unchanged topiramate and its metabolites is via the
kidney (at least 81% of the dose). Approximately 66% of a dose of 14C-topiramate was excreted
unchanged in the urine within four days. Following twice a day dosing with 50 mg and 100 mg of
topiramate the mean renal clearance was approximately 18 ml/min and 17 ml/min, respectively. There
is evidence of renal tubular reabsorption of topiramate. This is supported by studies in rats where
topiramate was co-administered with probenecid, and a significant increase in renal clearance of
topiramate was observed. Overall, plasma clearance is approximately 20 to 30 ml/min in humans
following oral administration.
Linearity/non-linearity
Topiramate exhibits low intersubject variability in plasma concentrations and, therefore, has
predictable pharmacokinetics. The pharmacokinetics of topiramate are linear with plasma clearance
remaining constant and area under the plasma concentration curve increasing in a dose-proportional
manner over a 100 to 400 mg single oral dose range in healthy subjects. Patients with normal renal
function may take 4 to 8 days to reach steady-state plasma concentrations. The mean Cmax following
multiple, twice a day oral doses of 100 mg to healthy subjects was 6.76 μg/ml. Following
administration of multiple doses of 50 mg and 100 mg of topiramate twice a day, the mean plasma
elimination half-life was approximately 21 hours.

Use with other AEDs
Concomitant multiple-dose administration of topiramate, 100 to 400 mg twice a day, with phenytoin
or carbamazepine shows dose proportional increases in plasma concentrations of topiramate.

Renal impairment
The plasma and renal clearance of topiramate are decreased in patients with moderate and severe
impaired renal function (CLCR ≤ 70 ml/min). As a result, higher steady-state topiramate plasma
concentrations are expected for a given dose in renal-impaired patients as compared to those with
normal renal function. In addition, patients with renal impairment will require a longer time to reach
steady-state at each dose. In patients with moderate and severe renal impairment, half of the usual
starting and maintenance dose is recommended.
Topiramate is effectively removed from plasma by haemodialysis. A prolonged period of
hemodialysis may cause topiramate concentration to fall below levels that are required to maintain an
anti-seizure effect. To avoid rapid drops in topiramate plasma concentration during hemodialysis, a
supplemental dose of topiramate may be required. The actual adjustment should take into account 1)
the duration of dialysis period, 2) the clearance rate of the dialysis system being used, and 3) the
effective renal clearance of topiramate in the patient being dialyzed.
Hepatic impairment
Plasma clearance of topiramate decreased a mean of 26% in patients with moderate to severe hepatic
impairment. Therefore, topiramate should be administered with caution in patients with hepatic
impairment.
Elderly population
Plasma clearance of topiramate is unchanged in elderly subjects in the absence of underlying renal
disease.
Paediatric population (pharmacokinetics, up to 12 years of age)
The pharmacokinetics of topiramate in children, as in adults receiving add-on therapy, are linear, with
clearance independent of dose and steady-state plasma concentrations increasing in proportion to
dose. Children, however, have a higher clearance and a shorter elimination half-life. Consequently,
the plasma concentrations of topiramate for the same mg/kg dose may be lower in children compared
to adults. As in adults, hepatic enzyme inducing AEDs decrease the steady-state plasma
concentrations.

In nonclinical studies of fertility, despite maternal and paternal toxicity as low as 8 mg/kg/day, no
effects on fertility were observed, in male or female rats with doses up to 100 mg/kg/day.
In preclinical studies, topiramate has been shown to have teratogenic effects in the species studied
(mice, rats and rabbits). In mice, fetal weights and skeletal ossification were reduced at 500
mg/kg/day in conjunction with maternal toxicity. Overall numbers of fetal malformations in mice
were increased for all drug-treated groups (20, 100 and 500 mg/kg/day).
In rats, dosage-related maternal and embryo/fetal toxicity (reduced fetal weights and/or skeletal
ossification) were observed down to 20 mg/kg/day with teratogenic effects (limb and digit defects) at
400 mg/kg/day and above. In rabbits, dosage-related maternal toxicity was noted down to 10
mg/kg/day with embryo/fetal toxicity (increased lethality) down to 35 mg/kg/day, and teratogenic
effects (rib and vertebral malformations) at 120 mg/kg/day.
The teratogenic effects seen in rats and rabbits were similar to those seen with carbonic anhydrase
inhibitors, which have not been associated with malformations in humans. Effects on growth were
also indicated by lower weights at birth and during lactation for pups from female rats treated with 20
or 100 mg/kg/day during gestation and lactation. In rats, topiramate crosses the placental barrier.
In juvenile rats, daily oral administration of topiramate at doses up to 300 mg/kg/day during the
period of development corresponding to infancy, childhood, and adolescence resulted in toxicities
similar to those in adult animals (decreased food consumption with decreased body weight gain,
centrolobullar hepatocellular hypertrophy). There were no relevant effects on long bone (tibia) growth
or bone (femur) mineral density, preweaning and reproductive development, neurological
development (including assessments on memory and learning), mating and fertility or hysterotomy
parameters.
In a battery of in vitro and in vivo mutagenicity assays, topiramate did not show genotoxic potential.

Lactose monohydrate
Microcrystalline Cellulose PH 101
Potato Starch Pregelatinized
Sodium Starch Glycolate
Colloidal Silicon Dioxide Aerosil 200
Magnesium Stearate
Opadry White 03B28796
Polysorbate 80
Purified Water

Not applicable.

Do not store above 30°C.

Pack sizes: 60's Bottles Pack

Any unused product should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.